ron 97 vs ron 95.docx

ron 97 vs ron 95.docx

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ron97vsron95

CHAPTERIII

METHODOLOGY

3.0Introduction.

ThefocusofthisstudywastoconductthelaboratorysimulationsonRON95andRON97appliedtosinglecylinderICinordertocomparethecharacteristics,abilitiesandbehaviorsofthesetypesoffuels.ThemethodologyhadbeenusedinthisstudyispurelyintermofeducationalexperimentwhichhadbeenconductedattheAutomotiveLaboratory,FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UiTM,ShahAlam.TheengineusedinthetestswasRobinEngineModelEX27D.ThedetailsoftheeginespecificationareshownintheFigure3.1.FuelstestedwerecommercialgradeswithRON95andRON97.Alltheobjectivesoftheseexperimentsarediscussedinthepreviouschapter.Alltestrunswereconductedonthetestbench.Thecombinationsofallperformancetestsincludedenginespeeds2800–4000rpmwith200rpmintervals.Everyresultoftheentiretestwastakenateverypointofinterval.Eachtestprocesswasrepeatedthreetimes.Thevaluesgiveninthisstudyaretheaverageofthesethreetestresults.Beforeeachexperiment,theenginewasregulatedtoitscataloguevalues.Alldatawerecollectedaftertheenginehadbeenstabilized.Theexperimentshadbeencarriedoutare:

∙DynamometerTest

∙ExhaustGasCalorimeterTest

∙GasAnalyzerTest

∙SoundLevelTest

∙FuelConsumptionTest

Inordertofigureupthetestconductedclearly,inthenextsubtopic,eachtestisexplainedseparately.However,duringtheexperiment,theentiretestwasconductedsimultaneously.

3.1DynamometerTest

Dynamometerisadeviceusedtomeasurethehorsepowerofengines.Itisusedtoprovideamechanicalloadfortheengineormotor,providesameansofmeasuringrpm,aswellasprovidesameansofmeasuringtorque.

∙Objective

Tooperatethedynamometerundertestconditionsforcalculatingtheenginepowerusingdifferentfuel.

∙Apparatus

RobinEngineModelEX27D,eddycurrentdynamometer,adequateRON95andRON97,2newsparkplugs.

RobinEngineSpecifications:

Table3.1:

RobinEngineSpecification

Model

EX27D

Type

AirCooled,4cycles,SlantSingleCylinder,HorizontalShaft,GasolineEngine

Bore（mm）

75

Stroke（mm）

60

Pistondisplacement（ml）

265

CompressionRatio

8.3

MaximumOutputkW（HP）/rpm

6.6（9.0）/4000

MaximumTorqueNm/rpm

18.6/2500

FuelTankCapacity（L）

6.1

∙Procedures

1.TheRobinEnginehadbeencoupledwithaneddycurrentdynamometer.Thenewsparkplughadbeeninstalledintotheengine.

2.TheRON95fuelhadbeeninjectedintotheenginetroughtheexistingconventionalinjectionsystem.

3.Theenginehadbeenstartedbypushingthestartbutton.Inthistesttheenginehadbeenrunningatwideopenthrottle（WOT）.Thespeedsetpointisinitiallysettoahighervalue;heretheinitialvaluehadbeen4000rpm.

4.Atthecontrolpanel,therehadtachometerandenginespeed（rpm）meter,theenginespeedanddynamometertorquehadbeenmeasuredandthespeedsetpointhadbeenthendecreasedby200rpm.Oncetheenginestabilizes（3minutes）atthenewspeed,thenewsspeedandtorquereadinghadbeentakenandrecorded.Thisstephadbeenrepeateduptotheminimumdesiredspeedwhichwas2800rpm.Then,thepower（kW）oftheenginehadbeencalculated.

5.Then,theenginehadbeenflushingwiththeairpressurebeforetheRON97hadbeeninjectedintothetank.

6.Thesteps3and4abovehadbeenrepeatedusingtheRON97fuel.

Duringthisexperiment,someassumptionsshouldbemade.Thereare:

∙Engineisingoodcondition.

∙Air-fuelratioremainsthesameforbothfuelscombustion.

3.2ExhaustGasCalorimeterTest

ExhaustGasCalorimetercompriseamulti-tubeexhaustgasexchangerinwhichtheexhaustgaspassthroughthetubesandthecoolingwaterflowsoutsidethetubes.Anexhaustgassamplingpointwithshutofcockisprovided.Thecoolingwatercircuitisfittedwithaflowmeterontheinletandaflowcontrolvalveontheoutletside.Theunitmustbearrangedforcontraflowthatistheexhaustgascoolingwatermustflowthroughtheheatexchangerinoppositedirection.Temperaturemeasuringpointsareprovidedforexhaustgasinletandoutlet;andcoolingwaterinletandoutlet.Theinstrumentationissufficienttoenabletheheatcontentoftheexhaustgasestobeaccuratelydetermined.

∙Objective

Tocomparetheheatgeneratedbyexhaustusingdifferenttypeoffuel.

∙Apparatus

RobinEngineModelEX27D,eddycurrentdynamometer,ExhaustGasCalorimeterTH21,adequateRON95andRON97,2newsparkplugs.

∙Procedures

Actuallythisexperimentwasconductedsimultaneouslywiththedynamometertest.Thus,theproceduresforthisexperimentarequitethesametheproceduresofthedynamometertest.

1.Theexhaustmanifoldshouldbeconnectedtotheinletsideoftheexhaustcalorimeterpipe.

2.Ithadbeenessentialthatwatershouldbeflowingtothecalorimeteratallthetimeswhentheengineisrunning.Theflowwatermayreadilybecheckedbythepositionofthefloatinthevariableareaflowmeter.

3.TheRobinEnginehadbeencoupledwithaneddycurrentdynamometer.Thenewsparkplughadbeeninstalledintotheengine.

4.TheRON95fuelhadbeeninjectedintotheenginetroughtheexistingconventionalinjectionsystem.

5.Beforestartingtheengine,thewaterhadbeenturnedontothecalorimeterandhadbeenadjustedbyusingcontrolvalveonthewateroutletuntilthefloathadbeenaboutonethirdtoonehalfofmaximumreading.

6.Theenginehadbeenstartedbypushingthestartbutton.Inthistesttheenginehadbeenrunningatwideopenthrottle（WOT）.Thespeedsetpointisinitiallysettoahighervalue;heretheinitialvaluehadbeen4000rpm.Whentheenginewasstable,theenginewasrunatthatspeedfor3minutes.

7.Thentheenginespeedanddynamometertorquehadbeenmeasuredandthewaterflow,waterinletandoutlettemperatures,andexhaustgastemperatureattheengine,inlettemperaturetothecalorimeterandoutlettemperaturefromthecalorimeterhadbeenrecorded.

8.Thespeedsetpointhadbeenthendecreasedby200rpmuntiltheminimumspeed,2800rpm.Oncetheenginestabilizes,after3minutesatthenewspeed,thenewsspeed,newtorqueandallnewtemperatureshadbeenrecorded.

9.Afterthisexperimentfinished,theenginehadbeenflushingwiththeairpressurebeforetheRON97hadbeeninjectedintothetank.

10.Thesteps1to8abovehadbeenrepeatedusingtheRON97fuel.

Duringthisexperiment,someassumptionsshouldbemade.Thereare:

∙Engineisingoodcondition.

∙Air-fuelratioremainsthesameforbothfuelscombustion.

Figure3.1:

TheSchematicDiagramofExhaustGasCalorimeter

3.3GasAnalyzerTest

Thegasanalyzertestwillanalyzetheemissionsproductsforbothdifferenttypesoffuels.Thisgasanalyzerisdesignedtobeusedonpetrol,LPGorCNGpoweredengines.Itcanmeasurecarbonmonoxide（CO）,anunburnthydrocarbon（HC）,withoxygen（O2）andcarbondioxide（CO2）andalsonitricoxide（NO）.DuringthisexperimentweinterestedtoobservetheexhaustgaspollutantssuchasCO,CO2andHC.ThefindingofO2wasjustoptiontoanalysistheresult.Thisexperimentwasconductedsimultaneouslywithdynamometertestandexhaustgascalorimetertest.

∙Objective

Tomeasureandcomparethepercentageofengineemissionsoperatesusingdifferenttypeoffuels.

∙Apparatus

GasAnalyzerAutomodel4.1,RobinEngineModelEX27D,eddycurrentdynamometer,adequateRON95andRON97,2newsparkplugs.

GasAnalyzerspecifications:

Table3.2:

GasAnalyzerSpecification

Parameter

Resolution

Accuracy

Range

CarbonMonoxide

0.01%

+/-5%ofreading

0–10%

Oxygen

0.01%

+/-5%ofreading

0–20%

Hydrocarbon

1ppm

+/-5%ofreading

0–5000ppm

NitricOxide

1ppm

0–4000ppm+/-4%

4000–5000ppm+/-5%

0–5000ppm

∙Procedures:

1.Beforeswitch-onthegasanalyzer,ithadbeencompulsorytochecktheparticlefilterisdryandnotdirtyordamaged,thewatertrapandprobelineareemptyofwater.

2.TheRobinEnginehadbeencoupledwithaneddycurrentdynamometerandthenewsparkplughadbeeninstalledintotheengine,ifnecessary.

3.TheRON95fuelhadbeeninjectedintotheenginetroughtheexistingconventionalinjectionsystem.

4.Theenginehadbeenstartedbypushingthestartbutton.Inthistesttheenginehadbeenrunningatwideopenthrottle（WOT）.Thespeedsetpointhadbeeninitiallysettoahighervalue;heretheinitialvaluehadbeen4000rpm.

5.Thegasanalyzershouldbecalibratedbeforeitcanbeused.

6.Once,theenginestabilizesattheinitialspeedandrunfor3minutes,thepumpofthegasanalyzerhadbeenturnedon.Thisinstrumentautomaticallyperformedagascheckwithin60seconds.Then,thepumpturnedoff.Theanalyzercheckedallthegasesreadinganddisplayedit.Thereadinghadbeenstoreintheinstrumentmemory.

7.Atthecontrolpanel,therehavetachometerandenginespeed（rpm）meter,theenginespeedanddynamometertorquehadbeenmeasuredandthespeedsetpointhadbeenthendecreasedby200rpm.Oncetheenginestabilizesatthenewspeed,thenewsspeedandtorquereadinghadbeentakenandrecordedandthestep6hadbeenrepeatedagain.Thisstephadbeenrepeateduptotheminimumdesiredspeedwhichis2800rpm.Aftercompletingthisexperiment,allthereadingstoredinthegasanalyzerinstrumenthadbeenprintedout.

8.Then,theenginehadbeenflushingwiththeairpressurebeforetheRON97hadbeeninjectedintothetank.

9.Thesteps1,2,3,4,5and6abovehadbeenrepeatedusingtheRON97fuel.

Duringthisexperiment,someassumptionsshouldbemade.Thereare:

∙Engineisingoodcondition.

∙Air-fuelratioremainsthesame