新托福阅读真经.docx

新托福阅读真经.docx

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新托福阅读真经

PassageⅠ

AgriculturalSocietyinEighteenth-CenturyBritishAmerica

P1:

Throughoutthecolonialperiod,mostNortherners,especiallyNewEnglanders,

dependedonthelandforalivelihood,althoughalivinghadliterallytobewrestedfromtheearth.Communitylandswereusedforgrazingandlogging（peoplecouldpetitionthetownfortherighttocutwood）.Agriculturewasthepredominantoccupation,andwhatindustrialandcommercialactivitytherewasrevolvedalmostentirelyaroundmaterialsextractedfromtheland,theforests,andtheocean.

P2:

Attheendoftheeighteenthcentury,approximately90percentofallAmericansearnedamajorportionoftheirlivingbyfarming.Generally,highratiosoflandandothernaturalresourcestolaborgeneratedexceptionallyhighlevelsofoutputperworkerinthecolonies.LocatedbetweenthePotomacandtheHudsonrivers,theMiddleColonieswere,onthewhole,fertileandreadilytillable,andthereforeenjoyedacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofgrainsandotherfoodstuffs.MostproductionintheNewWorldwasforthecolonists’ownconsumption,butsizableproportionsofcolonialgoodsandserviceswereproducedforcommercialexchange.Intime,NewEnglandcolonistshadtappedintoasprawlingAtlantictradenetworkthatconnectedthemtotheEnglishhomelandaswellastheWestAfricanSlaveCoast,theCaribbean'splantationislands,andtheIberianPeninsula.

1.Paragraph1mentionsallofthefollowingaseconomicactivitiesthatNewEnglanderspracticedEXCEPT

Agrowingcrops

Braisinganimals

Ctradinggoods

Dcuttingtimber

2.Paragraph1andPassage2supportallofthefollowingstatementsabouttheeconomiesincolonialperiodEXCEPT

AThenortherncoloniesengagedininternationaltrade.

BThemiddlecolonieshadagriculturaladvantagesthenortherncoloniesdidnot.

CThenortherncolonistsearnedtheirlivingbyfarming

DThemiddlecolonieswerelessprosperousthanthenortherncolonies.

3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatcanbeinferredaboutNewEnglandersattheendoftheeighteenthcentury

ATheywantedtoconnectwiththeirhomeland.

BTheypreparedproductsforinternationaltrade.

CTheycouldnotbeself-sufficientongrains.

DTheyproducedmostofthegoodsintheNewWorld.

4.Theword“sizable”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

Amixed

Benormous

Cgrowing

Dconstant

P3:

IntheNorth,landwasseeminglylimitlessinextentandthereforenothighlypriced,andalmosteverycolonistwantedtobealandholder.ThewidespreadownershipoflanddistinguishedfarmingsocietyinColonialAmericafromeveryotheragriculturalregionoftheWesternworld.Equalaccesstolandownershipinthisearlyperiodmadeitpossibleformostmenotherthanindenturedservantstopurchaseorinheritafarmofatleast50acres.TheNorthwasdevelopedasarigidlyhierarchicalsocietyinwhichstatuswasdeterminedbyoratleaststronglycorrelatedwiththeextenttowhichoneowned,controlled,orlaboredonland.

5.Accordingtoparagraph3inwhatwaydidfarmingsocietyinthenortherncoloniesdifferfromfarmingsocietiesintherestoftheWesternworld

AThedifferencesbetweensocialclassesweremuchgreater.

BPeoplelivedmuchclosertogether.

CTheproportionoflandownerswasmuchhigher.

DManymorefamilieshadservants.

P4:

Theeighteenthcenturywitnessedasharpriseinpopulation,whichleftmanyfacedwiththeharshrealityofanincreasinglylimitedsupplyofland;thiswasespeciallytrueinNewEngland,wherefarmsinheritedfrompriorgenerationscouldnotbedividedandsubdividedindefinitely.AnexampleofthisprincipleinactionwasthelifeofEdwardRichardsinDedham,Massachusetts,aproprietorofthetown,whohadsignificantcivicresponsibilities,includingroad-building,militiaduty,andfence-viewing,andwhoreceivedparcelsoflandinreturnforhisinvestmentandwork.By1653,heownedover55acresandrankedtwelfthof78propertyownersintermsofthesizeofhisholdings.Eventually,theRichardsfamilycontrolledseveralhundredacresofland,enoughforNathanielRichards,Edward’sson,togive80-acrefarmstotwosonswhileathirdretainedthecentralfarmafterhisdeath.Inthisway,theaveragefarmwouldshrinkbytwothirdsinacentury.

6.Theword“indefinitely”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

Afairly

Bsafely

Cmorethanonce

Dwithoutlimit

7.Whydoesauthorincludeadiscussionof“EdwardRichardsinDedham,Massachusetts”

ATogiveanexampleofthetypeofinheritancefarmownersgenerallyprovidedfortheirsons.

BTohelpexplainwhythefarmsstartedbythefoundersaveragedatleast250acres.

CToindicatethatNewEnglandfarmswerealwaysinheritedbytheoldestsonsfromtheirfathers.

DTohelpillustratehowlimitedtheoveralllandsupplywasinNewEngland.

P5:

ThedecreasingfertilityofthesoilcompoundedtheproblemofdwindlingfarmsizeinNewEngland.Whenlandhadbeenplentiful,farmershadplantedcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsandthenletitliefallowinpasturesevenyearsormoreuntilitregaineditsfertility.Onthesmallerfarmsoftheeighteenthcentury,however,farmersreducedfallowtimetoonlyayearortwo.Suchintenseuseofthesoilreducedcropyields,forcingfarmerstoplowmarginallandorshifttolivestockproduction.

8.Theword“compounded”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

Aaddedto

Bresultedfrom

Cledto

Doccurredbefore

9.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatcausesthecropyieldsinNewEnglandtofail

ATheshifttolivestockproductionbymanyfarmers.

BThedecreasedamountoftimethatfieldswereleftfallow.

CThepracticeofplantingcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsinarow.

DThereducedsizeoftheaveragefield.

P6:

Underthesecircumstances,thosefamilieswhowerelesswell-offnaturallystruggledtomakeendsmeetfarmingwhatlittlelandtheyhad.ThediminishingsizeandproductivityoffamilyfarmsforcedmanyNewEnglanderstomovetothefrontieroroutoftheareaaltogetherintheeighteenthcentury.VitalastheagricultureofNewEnglandwastothepeopleofthearea,itconstitutedarelativelyinsignificantportionoftheregion’stotalcommercialoutputforsale（itsdestinylayinanotherkindofeconomicendeavor）.Inaddition,thegrowingseasonwasmuchshorterintheNorth,andthecultivationofcerealcropsrequiredincessantlaboronlyduringspringplantingandautumnharvesting;andso,fromaveryearlydate,manyNewEnglanderscombinedfarmingwithotherintermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving,therebyenablingthemselvestolivebetterlivesthantheywouldhavehadtheybeenconfinedtotheresourcesoftheirownfarms.Homecraftsandskilledtradesofallvarietieswerecommonfeaturesofrurallifeinallthecolonies,butespeciallyinNewEngland.

10.Accordingtoparagraph6whydidmanyNewEnglandersmoveoutoftheareaintheeighteenthcentury

ATheywantedtoliveintownsratherthanonfarms.

BTheirfarmsnolongerprovidedthemwithgoodliving.

CTherewasunequaldistributionofmalesandfemalesinNewEngland.

DTheywerebeingcrowdedoutbymigrantsfromoutsideNewEngland.

11.Theword“endeavor”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

Aeffect

Bimprovement

Ceffort

Daccelerator

12.Whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationaboutthe“intermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving”thatnortherncultivatorsengagedin

ATosuggestthatnortherncultivatorswerenotasskilledatagriculturalworkassoutherncultivatorswere.

BToindicateaneconomiceffectoftheshorternortherngrowingseasononnortherncultivators.

CTochallengetheclaimthatworkroutinesinthenorthwerelessintensethantheywereinthesouth.

DToemphasizethatnorthernworkerstriedtochangetheiragriculturallycenteredeconomy.

P6:

Underthesecircumstances,thosefamilieswhowerelesswell-offnaturallystruggledtomakeendsmeetfarmingwhatlittlelandtheyhad.■ThediminishingsizeandproductivityoffamilyfarmsforcedmanyNewEnglanderstomovetothefrontieroroutoftheareaaltogetherintheeighteenthcentury.■VitalastheagricultureofNewEnglandwastothepeopleofthearea,itconstitutedarelativelyinsignificantportionoftheregion’stotalcommercialoutputforsale.■（itsdestinylayinanotherkindofeconomicendeavor）.■Inaddition,thegrowingseasonwasmuchshorterintheNorth,andthecultivationofcerealcropsrequiredincessantlaboronlyduringspringplantingandautumnharvesting;andso,fromaveryearlydate,manyNewEnglanderscombinedfarmingwithotherintermittentwork,suchasclock-making,shoe-making,carpentry,andweaving,therebyenablingthemselvestolivebetterlivesthantheywouldhavehadtheybeenconfinedtotheresourcesoftheirownfarms.Homecraftsandskilledtradesofallvarietieswerecommonfeaturesofrurallifeinallthecolonies,butespeciallyinNewEngland.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Bytheendoftheeighteenthcentury,NewEnglandwasanetimporteroffoodandfiber.

WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.

14.Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheret