社会语言学练习.docx

社会语言学练习.docx

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社会语言学练习

 RevisionExercisesforSociolinguistics 

I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts。

2.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers。

3.Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother,fromoneregionalgrouptoanother,fromonesocialgrouptoanother,andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.

4.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.

5.Thelinguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.

6.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin。

speechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects。

8.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary。

barriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage。

10.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures。

speakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway。

12.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.

13.Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages。

14.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds。

arelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages。

16.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.

majordifferencebetweenapidginandaCreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t。

anddiglossiameanthesamething。

19.Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.

useofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting。

II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21. Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.

22. Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.

23. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.

24. Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.

25. Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.

26. S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.

27. Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.

28. Thestandardlanguageisas_________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.

29. Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orv_______languages.

30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.

31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.

32. Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes,emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.

 III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.Sociolinguistics。

C.HistoricallinguisticsD.Generallinguistics

34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.

A.useofwordsB.useofstructures

C.accent。

D.morphemes

35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.

A.Regionalvariation。

B.Languagevariation

C.SocialvariationD.Registervariation

36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.

           A.Geographicalbarriers。

B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeech

           C.Physicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochange

           D.Socialbarriers

37._________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.

A.LanguageinterferenceB.Languagechanges

C.Languageplanning。

D.Languagetransfer

38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.

A.RegionalvariationB.Changesinemotions

C.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation。

 39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.

A.linguafranca。

B.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage

40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.

A.vernacularlanguagesB.creoles

C.pidgins。

D.sociolects

41.Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.

A.female;male。

B.male;femaleC.old;youngD.young;old

42. Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.

A.slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.taboo。

 IV.Definethefollowingterms:

43.sociolinguistics44.speechcommunity45.speechvariety

46.languageplanning47.idiolect48.standardlanguage

49.nonstandardlanguage50.linguafranca51.pidgin

52.Creole53.diglossia54.Bilingualism

55.ethnicdialect56.Sociolect57.register

58.slang59.taboo60.euphemism

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.

62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.

63.Whatisalinguistictaboo?

Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage?

64.HowwouldyoudescribethediglossicsituationinChina?

65.WhatisthebasicideaofSapir-WhorfianHypothesis?

66.Howdoyouunderstand“Dialectsofthesamelanguagesometimesarenotmutuallyintelligible.”?

thedifferencesbetweenpidginandCreoleandthenspecifytheirlinguisticfeaturesrespectively.

68ExplainDellHymes’ethnographicalframework（SPEAKING）.

Referenceanswers

Sociolinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

11.F12.T13.F14.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.F

II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.community22.variety23.dialectal25.sociolects

26.Stylistic27.official28.superposed29.vernacular

30.inflectional31.social32.linguistic

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

33.B34.C35.A.36.A.37.C40.C41.A42.D

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

43. sociolinguistics:

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.

44. speechcommunity:

Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunityoraspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechcommunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust,insomereasonableway,interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthecommunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties,aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.

45. speechvariety:

Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical,phonological,morphological,syntactic,oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.

46. languageplanning:

languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems,acrossregionalboundaries.

47. Idiolect:

Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional,social,andstylisticvariation,inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense,whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality,pitchandspeechrhythm,whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech.

48. standardlanguage:

Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia,andtaughtineducationalinstitutions,includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.

49. nonstandardlanguage:

Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages

50. linguafranca:

Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.