Materials for paragraph writing.docx

Materials for paragraph writing.docx

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Materialsforparagraphwriting

Materialsforparagraphwriting

Transitionalexpressions:

1）chronologicalorder（bytime）

soon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,atthesametime,next,thereafter,afteraninterval,now,after,presently,later,afterward,atlast,nowadays,when,before,after,while,during,

between…and…,in____（year）,later,earlier,formerly,attheturnofthe…,inthefist（second）

halfofthemonth,atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeath,simultaneously,previous,priorto,intheend,finally

2）spatialorder（byspace）

where,

inwhich,towhich,fromwhich;

under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,

along,through,asfaras,

north,northern,south,southern,…

attheback,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof…

adjacent,parallel,correspondingto,parallelto,perpendicularto,

rectangle,semicircle,distance,slope,midpoint,

interior,opposite,surface,

diagonal,overlapping,vertical,edge,pyramid,horizontal,limit,exterior,intersection

3）byprocess

occur,happen,become,grow,takeplace,becarriedout,changeinto…

before,after,until,while,as,once,then,assoonas…

atthispoint,atthesametime,bymeansof,throughtheuseof…

first,second,third,finally…

4）bycomparisonandcontrast

Tocompare:

similarto,similarly,like,alike,likewise,correspondto,correspondingly,as,justas,

inlikemanner,inthesameway,almostthesameas,both…

resemble,have…incommon,beparallelin…

commoncharacteristics,resemblance,similarity

Tocontrast:

differfrom,unlike,incontrastto,onoppositionto,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,but,differentfrom,while…

5）bycauseandeffect

so,thus,consequently,therefore,accordingly,becauseof,forthisreason,owingto,asaresult,since,hence,because,dueto…

asaresultof,as,theresultof,sothat,theeffectof,so…that,theconsequencesof,outof,haveaneffecton,owe…to,thereasonfor,thecauseof,Itfollowsthat..

nowthat,seeingthat,forfearthat,such…that,soas…to,make…possible,makeitpossible/impossiblefor…to…

6）byclassification

mainkindsof,majorkindsof,basickinds

kinds,types,divisions,categories,parts,classifications,aspects,qualities,classes

divide,classify,fallinto…categories,canbedividedinto…classes

7）bydefinition

define,explain,clarify,paraphrase

indefinition,inotherwords,inclarification,inexplanation,inclarification

Examplesofparagraphs:

Paragraph1:

Anexampleofreferringkeywordsinprecedingsentence:

BicyclinginAmericahasgrownatanexplosiverate.Bicyclesusedtobesoldtoparentsfortheirchildren.Nowthosesameparentsarebuyingthemforthemselves,aswellasfortheirchildren.Youngexecutivesridebikestoworktostayoutoftrafficjams.Youngmothersarefindingitawaytodotheirshoppingwithoutcompetingforaparkingplaceattheshoppingcenter.Universitystudentsandhighschoolstudentsfindcyclinganeconomicalalternativetocarsandbuses.Andevengrandmaandgrandpaenjoypeddlingtopicnicandbarbecues.

Paragraph2:

Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbyspace:

Mydormitoryroomissmallandcrowded.Thedarkgreenwallsanddirtywhiteceilingmakeheroomseemdim,andthusevensmallerthanitis.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarestoppedshortbymybed,whichfillshalfoftheroom.Thetwolargewindowsoverthebedarehiddenbyheavydarkdrapes（布帘）.Againstthewallonyourleft,pushedintoacornerbehindtheheadofthebed,isalargebookcasethatiscrammedwithpapers,booksandknickknacks（装饰性的小东西）.Wedged（挤进，嵌进）inbetweenthebookcaseandthewalloppositethebedisasmallgreymetaldesk.Ithasabrownwoodenchairthatseemstofilltheleftendoftheroom.Stuffed（塞满）underthedeskisawovenwastepaperbasketoverflowing（溢出，溢满）withpaperanddebris（碎片）.Thewallabovethebookcaseanddeskiscompletelytakenupwithtwosmallposters.Ontherighthandsideoftheroomisanarrowclosetwithclothes,shoes,hats,tennisracquets（网球拍）,andboxesbulging（凸出）outofitsslidingdoors（滑动门）.EverytimeIwalkoutofthedoor,Ithink,“NowIknowwhatitisliketoliveinacloset.”

Paragraph3:

Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbyprocess:

Onceyouencounterapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing,youshouldbeginimmediatelytodomouth-to-mouthbreathing.First,placethevictimonhisbackandremoveanyforeignmatterfromhismouthwithyourfingers.Thentilthisheadbackwards,sothathischinispointingup.Next,pullhismouthopenandhisjawforward,pinchhisnostrilsshuttopreventtheairwhichyoublowintohismouthfromescapingthroughhisnose.Thenplaceyourmouthtightlyoverthevictim’s.Blowintohismouthuntilyouseehischestrise.Thenturnyourheadtothesideandlistenfortheoutrushofairwhichindicatesanairexchange.Repeattheprocess.

Paragraph4:

Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycomparison:

（analternatingcomparison）

TraditionalChineseeducationwas,insomerespects,verysimilartothatofAthensinitsbestdays.AthenianboysweremadetolearnHomerbyheartfrombeginningtoend;ChineseboysweremadetolearntheConfucianclassicswithsimilarthoroughness.Atheniansweretaughtakindofrespectforthegodswhichconsistedinout-worldceremoniesandplacednobarrierinthewayoffreeintellectualthinking.Similarly,theChineseweretaughtcertainrites（仪式）connectedwithAncestor-worship,butwerebynomeansobligedtohavethebeliefsthatriteswouldseemtoimply.

Paragraph5:

Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycontrast：

（analternatingcontrast）

JohnandAdamaredifferentinthreeways.First,Johnstudiesalot.HewantstogetallA’s.Otherwisehewouldn’tbeadmittedtomedicalschoolwhenheleavesschool.Ontheotherhand,Adamrarelystudies.HejustwantsaB.A.Second,Johnneverhastimeforsports.Hedoesn’thavetimetoplay.However,hesometimeswatchesagame.Incontrast,Adamspendsmostofhistimeplayingfootballorbasketball.Third,Johndoesn’tlikeparties.Afterall,theyusuallylastuntil2:

00a.m.Andheneedslotsofsleep.ButAdamlovesparties.Hegetstobedverylate.Forsomereason,hedoesn’tseemtoneedasmuchsleepasJohndoes.Inspiteoftheirdifferences,JohnandAdamaregoodfriends.

Paragraph6:

Anexampleofdevelopingparagraphbycomparison：

（ablockcomparison）

AlthoughUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeewerefierceadversariesduringtheCivilWar,theirlives,bothmilitaryandnonmilitary,hadagreatdealincommon.GrantdescendedfromafamilywhosemembersparticipatedintheAmericanRevolution.HereceivedhiscommissionofsecondlieutenantfromWestPointandservedintheSpanish–AmericanWar.HewaslatersummonedbyPresidentLincolntoassumecommandoftheUnionForcesduringtheCivilWar.AftertheCivilWar,Grantsufferedfinancialproblemsandwasforcedtodeclarebankruptcy.LeealsodescendedformafamilywhichengagedintheAmericanRevolution.He,too,receivedhiscommissionfromWestPointandlaterfoughtinMexicoduringtheSpanish-AmericanWar.HisfameasamilitarystrategistduringtheCivilWar,whenhewascommanderoftheConfederatearmies,iswellknown.Althoughitisnotalwayspointedoutbyhistorians,he,likeGrant,hadfinancialdifficultiesaftertheCivilWarandwascompelledtodeclarebankruptcy.BysecuringapostaspresidentofWashingtonCollege,hewasabletoavoidadditionalpoverty.

Paragraph7:

Aparagraphanalyzingtwocauses

Whyprohibitionofspirits,beer,andwhitewinedidnotwork?

Because,lawornolaw,millionsofpeoplestilllikedtodrinkalcohol.Andtheywerewillingtotakeriskstogetit.Theywerenotabouttochangetheirtastesandhabitsjustbecauseofachangeinthelaw.（reason1）Andgangsofsmugglersmadeiteasytobuyanillegaldrink---ortwoorthree.TheysmuggledmillionsofgallonsoftheoutlawedbeveragesacrosstheCanadianandMexicanbordersduringtheprohibitionera.DrinkerswereluckytoknowofanillegalbarthatservedMexicanorCanadianliquor.（reason2）

Paragraph8:

Aparagraphanalyzingonecause

Onemightwonderwhy,aftertheNormanConquest,Frenchdidnotbecomethenationallanguage,replacingEnglishentirely.Thereasonisthattheconquestwasnotanationalmigration,astheearlierAnglo-Saxoninvasionhadbeen.（thereason）GreatnumbersofNormanscametoEngland,buttheycameasrulersandlandlords.Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofpolitesociety,thelanguageofliterature.ButitdidnotreplaceEnglishasthelanguageofthepeople.TheremustalwayshavebeenhundredsoftownsandvillagesinwhichFrenchwasneverheardexceptwhenvisitorsofhighstationpassedthrough.（furtherexplanation）

Paragraph9:

Aparagraphanalyzingeffects:

ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder.Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects.Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone:

howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople?

Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain.Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices,andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65.Tosupporttheold,thesocial-securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives,andwithinamatteroffouryears,itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired.Then,tokeepthesystemgoing,workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay.Butthereisadanger:

theyoungmayrefusetocontributewhentheburdengetstooheavy.Inthatcase,thesystemwillhavetoallowtheelderlytow