研究生英语写作技巧总结全.docx

研究生英语写作技巧总结全.docx

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研究生英语写作技巧总结全

研究生英语写作技巧总结（全）

1.LearningtoWritetheTopicandtheThesis

First,we’lldecideatopic.Andthenwe’llwritethethesisaboutthetopic

Howdowechooseasuitabletopicandwriteagoodthesis?

1）Choosingasuitableandlimitedtopic

Let’smakeacomparisonofthefollowingtopics

MarriageHoneymoon

FamilyMyoldersister

ChildrenDisciplineofchildren

SportsPlayers’salaries

WorkWorkingasadishwasher

2）Writingagoodthesis

Whatisagoodthesis?

（P190）

Thesisstatements:

Ahoneymoonisperhapstheworstwaytobeginamarriage.

Myoldersisterhelpedmeovercomemyshyness.

MyhusbandandIhaveseveraleffectivewaysofdiscipliningmychildren.

Players’highsalariesarebadforthegame,forthefans,andforthevaluesourchildrenaredeveloping.

Workingasadishwasherinarestaurantwasmyworstjob.

3）Sometipsonwritingagoodthesis:

（1）Donotwriteannouncements:

×Thesubjectofthispaperwillbemyparents.

×Iwanttotalkaboutthecrimewaveinourcountry.

×The“babyboom”generationistheconcernofthisessay.

√Theparentseachstruggledwithpersonaldemons.

√Therecentcrimewaveinourcityhasseveralapparentcauses.

√The“babyboom”generationhaschangedAmericansocietyinkeyways.

（2）Avoidthestatementsthataretoobroad

×Diseasehasshapedhumanhistory.

×Insectsarefascinatingcreatures.

×Menandwomenareverydifferent.

√Inthemid-1980s,AIDSchangedpeople’sattitudesaboutdating.

√Strength,organization,andcommunicationmakeantsoneofnature’smostsuccessfulinsects.

√Menandwomenareoftentreatedverydifferentlyintheworkplace.

（3）Makesurethesisstatementsdeveloponlyoneidea

×Oneofthemostseriousproblemaffectingyoungpeopletodayisbullying（恃强欺弱）anditistimemorekidslearnedthevalueofhelpingothers.

×Studyingwithothershasseveralbenefits,butitalsohasdrawbacksandcanbedifficulttoschedule.

2.Makinganoutline

Thestepsofmakinganoutline

1）Makeathesisstatement

2）Findthemajorsupportingpointsforthethesis.

3）Providesupportingdetailsforeachmajorsupportingpoint.

Example:

Thesis:

Workingasadishwasherinarestaurantwasmyworstjobbecauseofthebadworkingconditions,longandchangeableworkinghours,andlowpay.

a.Workingconditions

（1）Heatinkitchen

（2）Noisyworkarea

b.Workinghours

（1）Ten-hourshifts

（2）Hourschangedeveryweek

c.Pay

（1）Nobonusforovertime

（2）Minimumwage

3.Learningtowriteaplanofdevelopment

Aplanofdevelopmentistheonethatgivesthemajorpointsthatwillbedevelopedinsupportingparagraphs.

Example1:

WhileIlovemoviesasmuchasever,theinconvenienceofgoingout,thetemptationsofthetheater,andthebehaviorofsomepatronsarereasonsformetowaitandrentthevideo.

Example2:

TheUnitedStates,however,isn’tsuchahealthyplaceforolderpeople.SinceIretiredfrommyjob,I’vehadtocopewiththephysical,mental,andemotionalstressesofbeingold.

4.Writinganopeningparagraph

Anopeningparagraphusuallyconsistsoftwoparts:

openingpartandthesisstatements.

1）Functionsofanopeningparagraph:

Attractreaders’interest.

Presentyourthesis.

2）Fiveusefulwaystowriteanopeningparagraph

（1）Beginwithabroad,generalstatementofyourtopicandnarrowitdowntoyourthesisstatement.（fromabroadtopictoyourthesis）

（2）Useanincidentorabriefstory.（fromabriefstorytoyourthesis）

（3）Startwithanideaorasituationthatistheoppositeoftheoneyouwilldevelop.（fromanoppositeideaorsituationtoyourthesis）

（4）Askoneormorequestions（fromaquestion（s）toyourthesis）

（5）Useaquotation（fromaquotationtoyourthesis）

5.Writingsupportingparagraphs

1）Threebasesforwritingasupportingparagraph:

（1）Support（adequateandspecific）（论据充分性）

（2）Coherence（连贯性）

（a）Transitionalwords:

Type1:

Additionsignalsareusedtoshowaccumulation.

Type2:

TimeSignalsareusedtoshowsequence.

Type3:

Spacesignalsareusedtoshowlocation.

Type4:

Changeofdirectionsignalsareusedtoshowcontrast.

Type5:

Illustrationsignalsareusedtoshowexamples.

Type6:

Conclusionsignalsareusedtoshowconsequence.

（b）Transitionalsentences

（c）Othercollecting（linking）words:

Repeatedwords

Pronouns

Synonyms（同义词）

Parallelism

（3）Unity（一致性）

支撑段小结：

（a）Makeallofthetopicsentencesinthesupportingparagraphsrelatedtothethesis.（充分性）

（b）Makeallofthemajorsupportingpointsrelatedtothetopicsentencesineachsupportingparagraph.（连贯性）

（c）Makealloftheminorsupportingpointsrelatedtothemajorsupportingpointsineachsupportingparagraph.（一致性）

2）PatternsofOrganization:

（1）Timeorder（chronologicalorder）（按时间顺序排列）

（2）Climacticorder（orderofimportance）（按重要性顺序排列）

（3）Spaceorder（按空间顺序排列）

6.Writinganconcludingparagraph

Foureffectivewayswillbeintroduced

（1）Endwithasummaryandafinalthought.

Restateyourmajorpointsraisedinyourthesis,butdonotrepeatthem.

（2）Endwitharecommendation

（3）Endwithaprediction

（4）Endwithathought-provokingquestionorquestions.

7.SentenceSkills

1）Threetypesoffragments:

TypeA:

1a.*Althoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.Hepassedtheexamination.

2a.*Themomentshesawhim.Sheknewhewasherfather.

3a.*Contactsportsarebecomingincreasinglyviolent.Somethingofwhichthepublicseemstoapprove.

TypeB:

5a.*Notknowingthelanguage.Hedidn’tknowhowtoasktheway.

6a.*Beinglowinskillandeducation.Theblackpeople,onthewhole,sufferfrommuchhigherunemploymentrate.

7a.*Inordertoobtainthematerialneededforhismaster’sthesis.Hereadmanyprofoundbooks.

TypeC:

8a.*Shelooksbestinbrightcolors.Likeredandpink.

9a.*Allmyfriendsareinterestedinit.ParticularlyJohnandJack.

10a.*Youcouldneverhavefailedinyourexams.Exceptbyyourowncarelessness.

Correctsentences:

1b.Althoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying,hepassedtheexamination.

2b.Themomentshesawhim,sheknewhewasherfather.

3b.Contactsportsarebecomingincreasinglyviolent,somethingofwhichthepublicseemstoapprove.

5b.Notknowingthelanguage,hedidn’tknowhowtoasktheway.

6b.Becausetheyarelowinskillandeducation,theblackpeople,onthewhole,sufferfrommuchhigherunemploymentrate.

7b.Inordertoobtainthematerialneededforhismaster’sthesis,hereadmanyprofoundbooks.

8b.Shelooksbestinbrightcolors,likeredandpink.

9b.Allmyfriends,particularlyJohnandJack,areinterestedinit.

10b.Youcouldneverhavefailedinyourexamsexceptbyyourowncarelessness.

2）Run-onsentences（乱加从句的冗长句子）

Arun-onsentenceisastringofwordswithtwosubordinateclausesthatareruntogetherwithoutproperpunctuation.

11a.*Iwanttohaveawordwithyourmanagerthereissomethingthatmattersverymuchtofuturebusiness.

12a.*Thedangerofanotherearthquakestillexistswemustgetprepared.

14a.*I’vethoughtsometimesthatanincompetentteacherisworsethananincompetentsurgeon,asurgeoncancutuponlyonepersonatatime.

Correctsentences:

11b.Iwanttohaveawordwithyourmanager.Thereissomethingthatmattersverymuchtofuturebusiness.

12b.Thedangerofanotherearthquakestillexists,andwemustgetprepared.

14b.I’vethoughtsometimesthatanincompetentteacherisworsethananincompetentsurgeon,sinceasurgeoncancutuponlyonepersonatatime.

3）Danglingmodifiers（垂悬结构）

40a.*Carryingaheavypileofbooks,herfootcaughtonthestep.

41a.*Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.

42a.*Attheageoffive,mydadtaughtmeaboutcars.

43a.*Toimprovehisresult,theexperimentwasdoneagain.

41b.Togetupearly,Isettheclockatsix.

42b.WhenIwasfive,mydadtaughtmeaboutcars.

43b.Heimprovedhisresultbydoingtheexperimentagain.

Butsomesetphrasesandabsoluteconstructionsarenotdanglingmodifiers.

44.Tobefrank,Idonotthinkheistherightmanforthejob.

45.Generallyspeaking,atthisage,girlsaremorematurethanboys.

46.Themajorityapprovingoftheproject,hehadtogivein.

4）UnbalancedParallelism（不平衡的并行关系）

50a.*Itookabath,sleeping,andwakinguprefreshed.

51a.*Thekeystoimprovinggradesaretotakeeffectivenotesinclass,toplanstudytime,andpreparingcarefullyforexams.

52a.*Inmanyways,startingcollegeatfortyisharderthantostartateighteen.

Correctsentences:

50b.Itookabath,wenttosleep,andwokeuprefreshed.

51b.Thekeystoimprovinggradesaretotakeeffectivenotesinclass,toplanstudytime,andtopreparecarefullyforexams.

52b.Inmanyways,startingcollegeatfortyisharderthanstartingateighteen.

5）Mixedconstruction

53a.*Themostvaluedtraitinanemployeeisapersonwhoisloyal.

54a.*Indigestioniswhenyoucannotdigestfood.

55a.*BytakingaNo.70busisonewaytogettoouruniversity.

56a.*ThereasonIenjoyhorsebackridingisbecauseitprovidesoutdoorexercise.

57a.*TherearemanypeoplemovetoUSA.

Correctsentences:

53b.Themostvaluedtraitinanemployeeisloyalty.

54b.Indigestionistheinabilitytodigestfood.

55b.YoucangettoouruniversitybytakingaNo.70bus.

56b.Ienjoyhorsebackridingbecauseitprovidesoutdoorexercise.

57b.TherearemanypeoplewhomovetoUSA.

8.Patternsofessaydevelopment

1）Comparisonandcontrast

（1）Onesideatatime（subjectbysubject）

These:

GoingtoChaletismoredifficultthangoingtoMcDonald’s

1.Chalet

a.Dresscode

b.Advancereservations

c.Leaveanhourearly

d.Findparkingspace

2.McDonald’s

a.Casualdress

b.Noreservations

c.Leave