《英语语言学》复习重点1.docx

《英语语言学》复习重点1.docx

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《英语语言学》复习重点1

《英语语言学》复习重点

ChapterIInvitationtolinguistics

1.Whatislanguageandlinguistics?

●Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinition,languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumental,socialandconventional.

●Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageor,adisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.

2.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Thedefinitionofthesedesignfeatures:

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,anddisplacement

●Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,etc..

●ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds,evenwithonomatopoeicwords

●Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

●CreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.

●Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.

1）.Referentialfunction所指功能2）.Poeticfunction诗学功能3）.Emotivefunction感情功能

4）.Conativefunction意动功能5）.Phaticfunction交感功能6）.Metalingual元语言功能

HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.

1）.Informativefunction信息功能2）.Interpersonalfunction人际功能3）.Performativefunction施为功能4）.Emotivefunction感情功能5）.Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6）.Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7）.Metalingualfunction元语言功能

4.Thedefinitionsofimportantdistinctionsinlingustics:

Whodistinguishedthem?

descriptiveVS.presriptive;

Descriptive（描写式）:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.　

eg:

Americandon’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”

Prescriptive（规定式）:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

eg:

Don’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”

synchronicVS.diachronic;

Synchronicstudy（共时性）---descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime

Diachronicstudy（历时性）---descriptionofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

langue&parole;

Langue:

（说话者的语言能力.）thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

Parole:

（语言的实际现象或语料.）theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

competenceandperformance.

Competence:

（一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解.）alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

Performance:

（指在具体场景中语言的真实使用.）theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.

Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence.

5.WhatisthemajordifferencesbetweenSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

①Saussure'slanguageissocialproduct,asetofconversationsforaspeechcommunity.②Chomskyregardscompetenceaspropertyofthemindofeachindividual.③SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.

Chapter2Speechsounds

Phonetics

4.BasicinformationabouttheIPA

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（OttoJespersonFrance）IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.

Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996and2005.

5.Threeparameterstoidentifyaconsonant:

①placeofarticulation:

placeinthemouthwhereobstructionoccurs

②mannersofarticulation:

waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished

③stateofvocalcords:

voicedVS.voiceless

6.thecategoriesofconsonantsaccordingtothemannerofarticulationandtheplaceofaritucatio

7.Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:

Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels单元音

Diphthongsorglidingvowels双元音

8.Fourcriteria（parameters）ofvoweldescription

1.theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;

2.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）;

3.thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）,and

4.lip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）.

Phonology

9.definition:

1）Co-articulation:

Simultaneous/overlappingarticulationbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheneighborsound（s）

2）broad/narrowtranscription:

Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription;Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.

3）Phone:

thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.（inthemouth）

4）Phoneme:

asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.（inthemind）

5）allophonephonic:

variantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.

6）Minimalpairs:

Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:

1）differentinmeaning;2）onlyonephonemedifferent;

3）thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.

E.g.aminimalpair:

pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-tone

Minimalset:

pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc

7）Suprasegmentalfeatures:

featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress（重音），length（音程）,rhythm（节奏），tone（音调），intonation（语调）juncture（音渡）．

8）syllable:

10.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.

.Phone（音素）:

thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.（inthemouth）

i）phoneticunitii）notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaning

iii）physicalasheardorproducediv）markedwith[]

.Phoneme（音位）：

Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.（inthemind）

i）phonologicalunitii）distinctiveofmeaning

iii）abstract,notphysicaliv）markedwith//.

.allophone（音位变体）:

phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.

e.g.:

pot,spot,cup:

[ph]vs.[p]vs.[p¬]（unreleased）

11.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenPhoneticsandPhonology?

Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.

Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguage

Chapter3Morphology

12.Threesensesof“word”

（1）Aphysicallydefinableunit:

aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank.

（2）Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm.

（3）Agrammaticalunit.

13.Theclassificationofword.Usingsomeexamplestoexplaintheseclassifications.

Wordscanbeclassifiedintermsof:

★

（1）Variablevs.invariablewords（可变词/不可变词）

★

（2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords（语法词/词汇词）

★（3）Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords（封闭词/开放词）

★（4）wordclass（词类）

（1）Variablevs.invariablewords（可变词/不可变词）

theformerreferstowordshavinginflectivechanges（屈折变化）whilethelatterreferstowordshavingnosuchendings.

Variablewords:

follow;follows;following;followed

Invariablewords:

since;when;seldom;through;hello

（2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords（functionwordsandcontentwords.语法词/词汇词）

.Theformerreferstothosewordsexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions（连词）,prepositions（介词）,articles（冠词）,andpronouns（代词）;

.thelatterreferstowordshavinglexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionetc.suchasn.,v.,adj.,andadv.

（3）Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords（封闭词/开放词）

.theformerreferstowordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited;e.g.pron.,prep.,conj.,article.

.thelatterofwhichthemembershipisinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.:

n.,v.,adj.,adv.

（4）wordclass（词类）

14.definition:

1）Morphology:

Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2）Morpheme:

thesmallestunitofmeaning,whichcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithout

destroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Freemorphemes:

morphemeswhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves．

Boundmorphemes:

morphemeswhichcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords

Inflectionalmorpheme:

akindofboundmorphemeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.

Derivat