电子商务外文翻译文献.docx

电子商务外文翻译文献.docx

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电子商务外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

ELECTRONICCOMMERCE（电子商务）

国外作者：

ĐerićSlavko

文献出处：

《Economics》,2017,4

字数统计：

英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字

外文文献：

ELECTRONICCOMMERCE

SUMMARYElectroniccommercecanbedefinedindifferentways.Anydefinitionhelpstounderstandandexplainthatconceptasbetteraspossible.Electroniccommerceisasetofproceduresandtechnologiesthatautomatethetasksoffinancialtransactionsusingelectronicmeans.Also,accordingtosomeauthors,electroniccommerceisdefinedasanewconcept,whichisbeingdevelopedandwhichincludesprocessofbuyingandsellingorexchangingproducts,servicesorinformationviacomputernetworks,includingtheInternet.Electroniccommerceisnotlimitedjusttobuyingandselling,butitalsoincludesallpre-salesandafter-salesongoingactivitiesalongthesupplychain.Introducingelectroniccommerce,usingtheInternetandWebservicesinbusiness,realizesthewaytoacompletelynewtypeofeconomy—interneteconomy.

Keywords:

electroniccommerce,development,purchase,sale,economy,Internet

INTRODUCTION

Today,developmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,whichradicallychangetheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket,haveasignificantroleinmoreevidentprocessofglobalization.Themagnitudeofimpactofthedevelopmentofcommunicationandinformationresourcesontheworldeconomymaybeimpliedbythefactthatitgoesintotraditionallaborintensiveactivities,wherebeforetherewerenotopportunitiesfortheapplicationofmoderninformationtechnology.

Managersoflargecompanies,aswellassmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,needtounderstandfirstofalltheimportance,aswellasmanyadvantagesthatuseofmoderndigitaltechnologyenablestheminthecreationofnewbusinessideasandtheirrealization.Inthenewdigitalerathebenefitsandopportunitiesofe-businessrepresentasignificantpotentialthatshouldbeusedinthebestandthemostefficientway.Thankstotheinternettherearesomechangesinthewayofbusiness,geographicalboundariesaredisappearing,languagebarriersandcurrencyrestrictionsarebeingboweddown.

ELECTRONICCOMMERCE

Today’swayofdoingbusinessiscompletelychanged,mostlythankstotheInternet.E-commercehasagreatroleintheprocessofglobalizationandinthedevelopmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,byradicallychangingtheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket.Inmodernbusinessthereisatransitionfrommechanicaltoelectronicphaseofbusiness.Besidesthetechnologicalaspectitisnecessarytoemphasizetheeconomicaspectanddefinee-commerceasanewmarketthatoffersnewtypesofgoodsandservices,suchasdigitalproductsthroughdigitalprocesses.Sellersofphysicalgoodsarealsobeingincludedindigitalprocesses,suchason-lineordering,marketresearchandpayment,whicharethepartsofthenewmarket.

Electroniccommerceistheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbetweendifferentorganizationsviatelecommunicationnetworksandismorethanasetofInternettechnologies.

E-commercecanbeviewedfromthenarrowerandwiderpointofview.InthenarrowsenseelectroniccommerceinvolvesbuyingandsellingthroughtheInternet,andinabroadersenseitincludestheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbymeansoftelecommunicationsnetworks.InfulfillingtasksituseselectroniccommunicationmediasuchastheInternet,extranets,e-mail,databaseandmobiletelephony.Electroniccommerceincludesseveralactivitiessuchaselectronicsalesandpurchasesofgoodsandservices,onlinedeliveryofdigitalcontent,electronicfundstransfer,publicprocurement,directconsumermarketingandotherafter-salesservices.Thebasisofe-businessisoftencalledafullydigitalbusinessanditcontainsthreecomponents:

product,processandparticipants,whichhavetwocomponents,physicalanddigital.EverythingthatcanbesentandreceivedviatheInternetisconsideredtobeadigitalproduct.

Electroniccommercecreatesnewmarketsandeconomicactivities,whicharecharacterizedbyrapidinformationprocessesandmarketdynamics.Electronicnetworksprovidetheinfrastructureforcollectinganddisseminatinginformation.Theyalsoserveasanewchannelforthesales,promotionofproductsandservicesdelivery.Moreover,networkintegrateinformationformanagingbusinessactivitiesatalllevelsofthecompanyandprovidenewelectronicconnectionswithcustomersandpartnersinthesupplychain.Anincreasingnumberofactivitiesthataddvaluetotheeconomytakeplaceincyberspacethroughgloballyconnectedelectronicnetworks.TheInternethasexpandedthepremisestowhichcompaniesreach.ManagerscandetectagreaternumberofbusinessopportunitiesduetoobtainingmanyadditionalbusinessinformationfromtheInternet.

ELECTRONICMARKET

Milicevic（2002）statesthattheInternetandnewinformationtechnologiesareleadingtorestructuringofmarketsonagloballevelandsomeindustrialandservicesectors.Aswellasontraditional（physical）market,alsoinelectronicmarket,customersandsellersexchangegoodsandservicesformoneyorothergoodsorservices,butonlyelectronically.Electronicmarketuseselectronictransactionsleadingtoanewwayofdistributionofproductsandservicestoultimateconsumers.Electronicmarketmeansaplacewhereelectroniccommerceisconducted,thatistosayanetworkofinteractionsandcommunicationwheretheinformation,products,servicesandpaymentsareexchanged.Inrecentyears,electronicmarketisgainingimportanceinthemodernwayofdoingbusiness.Whenitcomestoe-business,businesscenterisanetworkbasedonthelocationswheretherearecustomers,sellersandotherparticipantsandtheyallfindeachotherelectronicallyanddobusinessso.

MODELSOFELECTRONICCOMMERCE

Therearemanymodelsofelectroniccommercethatvaryaccordingtotherelationswhichexistbetweenparticipantsintrade（companies,customers,employees,government）.Someofthemodelsare:

B2B,B2C,B2E,C2C,C2B,butlatelytherearealsomorecomplexformsthatarecreatedasacombinationandupdatingofexistingmodelssuchasB2B2CandC2B2C.

B2B（BusinesstoBusiness）istheautomatedexchangeofinformationbetweendifferentorganizations;

B2C（BusinesstoConsumer）meansthesaleofgoodsandservicestoendconsumers;

B2E（BusinesstoEmployee）isamodelwhichisalsoknownasIntranet,ortheWebsitethatgivesproductsorinformationtoemployees;

C2B（ConsumertoBusiness）isamodelwheretheconsumerrequestsaproductorservicefromtheseller;

C2C（ConsumertoConsumer）isamodelinwhichcustomersselltoeachother;

B2B2C（BusinesstoBusinesstoConsumer）isamodelthatisrealizedusingB2Bmodelthatsupportsthecompany’soperationsonthemodelofB2C;

C2B2C（ConsumertoBusinesstoConsumer）isamodelthatconnectsconsumersusingon-linecompanyasanintermediary.

LEGALISSUESSPECIFICTOELECTRONICCOMMERCE

Themostimportantlegalissuesspecifictoe-commerceare:

assigningdomainnames,taxcollectionfromincomesgeneratedelectronicallyandintellectualpropertyprotection.WhenassigningInternetaddressesordomainnames,problemsarisewhenseveralcompaniesthathavesimilarnamescompetearoundthedomain.Theproblemissolvedincourtorbeforeaninternationalarbitrationsystem.Federal,stateandlocalauthoritiesaretryingineverywaytocalculatehowtogetashareofrevenuegeneratedelectronically.Theproblemsareparticularlyprominentininternationaltrade,whenthequestioniswhereyouneedtopayataxforabusinesslicense,incometax,value-addedtax,theannualincometaxandthelike,aswellaswhocontrolsthecharge.ProtectionofsoftwareandotherintangiblecreationsisdifficulttobeimplementedovertheWeb,whichiswhytheissuesofcopyrightandprotectionofintellectualpropertyaresubjectsoffrequentdiscussions.OnesolutionmightbeataxthatisuniquetotheInternet,theso-called“bittax”.Theideaofthistaxisbasedonthefactthateachbitthattravelsthroughthenetworkrepresentsasubjecttotaxationataratethatisunique.Itcouldbecollectedintelephoneexchangesorattheserviceproviderandtobesubmittedtothecompetenttaxauthorities.However,suchataxwouldnottakeaccountofthenatureoftheinformationorgoodsthatarepurchased.ThelargestamountofbitsontheInternetbelongstothechildren’svideogameswhichareinmostcountries,wheree-businessisdeveloped,tax-exemptortaxedatthelowestrate.Itisalsounclearwhichgovernmentwouldtakeoverthetaxthatisaresultofcross-borderdataflow.Besidessafetyproblems,theproblemofunclearmodeloftaxationofcommercialtransactionsontheInternetcertainlyinflictsgreattormentstofiscalexpertsworldwide.

ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFELECTRONICCOMMERCE

Themaincharacteristicofe-commerceisaprofoundandveryrapidchangeinthewaytradeisconducted.Today,e-commercehasmanyadvantagesovertraditionalconductingcommercialtransactions.Extensiveuseofe-commerceleadstonewadvantages.Asetofinteractive,content-richandpersonalizedmessagescanbedeliveredtospecificallyselectedconsumerstoincreasesales.Todaycompanieshavealotmoreinformationthanbefore,whichallowsthemtotakeadvantageofthisinformationasefficientlyaspossible,tosegmentthemarketandtoadapttheirproductsorservicestopotentialcustomersorserviceusersaswellaspossible.

Theimpactofe-commerceisespeciallyexpressedinindustr