GMAT考试阅读试题四2.docx

GMAT考试阅读试题四2.docx

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GMAT考试阅读试题四2

GMAT考试阅读试题（四）

（2）

Passage19

　　Incontrasttotraditionalanalysesofminoritybusi-ness，thesociologicalanalysiscontendsthatminoritybusinessownershipisagroup-levelphenomenon，inthatitislargelydependentuponsocial-groupresourcesfor（5）itsdevelopment.Specifically，thisanalysisindicatesthatsupportnetworksplayacriticalroleinstartingandmaintainingminoritybusinessenterprisesbyprovidingownerswitharangeofassistance，fromtheinformalencouragementoffamilymembersandfriendsto（10）dependablesourcesoflaborandclientelefromtheowner'sethnicgroup.Suchself-helpnetworks，whichencourageandsupportethnicminorityentrepreneurs，consistof"primary"institutions，thoseclosesttotheindividualinshapinghisorherbehaviorandbeliefs.（15）Theyarecharacterizedbytheface-to-faceassociationandcooperationofpersonsunitedbytiesofmutualconcern.Theyformanintermediatesociallevelbetweentheindividualandlarger"secondary"institutionsbasedonimpersonalrelationships.Primaryinstitutions（20）comprisingthesupportnetworkincludekinship，peer，andneighborhoodorcommunitysubgroups.

　　Amajorfunctionofself-helpnetworksisfinancialsupport.Mostscholarsagreethatminoritybusinessownershavedependedprimarilyonfamilyfundsand（25）ethniccommunityresourcesforinvestmentcapital.Personalsavingshavebeenaccumulated，oftenthroughfrugallivinghabitsthatrequiresacrificesbytheentirefamilyandarethusaproductoflong-termfamilyfinan-cialbehavior.Additionalloansandgiftsfromrelatives.（30）forthcomingbecauseofgroupobligationratherthannarrowinvestmentcalculation，havesupplementedpersonalsavings.Individualentrepreneursdonotneces-sarilyrelyontheirkinbecausetheycannotobtainfinan-cialbackingfromcommercialresources.Theymayactu-（35）allyavoidbanksbecausetheyassumethatcommercialinstitutionseithercannotcomprehendthespecialneedsofminorityenterpriseorchargeunreasonablyhighinterestrates.

　　Withinthelargerethniccommunity，rotatingcredit（40）associationshavebeenusedtoraisecapital.Theseasso-ciationsareinformalclubsoffriendsandothertrustedmembersoftheethnicgroupwhomakeregularcontri-butionstoafundthatisgiventoeachcontributorinrotation.Oneauthorestimatesthat40percentofNew（45）YorkChinatownfirmsestablishedduring1900-1950utilizedsuchassociationsastheirinitialsourceofcapital.However，recentimmigrantsandthirdorfourthgenerationsofoldergroupsnowemployrotatingcreditassociationsonlyoccasionallytoraiseinvestmentfunds.（50）Somegroups，likeBlackAmericans，foundothermeansoffinancialsupportfortheirentrepreneurialefforts.ThefirstBlack-operatedbankswerecreatedinthelatenine-teenthcenturyasdepositoriesforduescollectedfromfraternalorlodgegroups，whichthemselveshadsprung（55）fromBlackchurches.Blackbanksmadelimitedinvest-mentsinotherBlackenterprises.IrishimmigrantsinAmericancitiesorganizedmanybuildingandloanasso-ciationstoprovidecapitalforhomeconstructionandpurchase.They.inturn，providedworkformanyIrish（60）home-buildingcontractorfirms.Otherethnicandminoritygroupsfollowedsimilarpracticesinfoundingethnic-directedfinancialinstitutions.

　　1.Basedontheinformationinthepassage.itwouldbeLEASTlikelyforwhichofthefollowingpersonstobepartofaself-helpnetwork？

　　（A）Theentrepreneur'schildhoodfriend

　　（B）Theentrepreneur'saunt

　　（C）Theentrepreneur'sreligiousleader

　　（D）Theentrepreneur'sneighbor

　　（E）Theentrepreneur'sbanker

　　2.Whichofthefollowingillustratestheworkingofaself-helpsupportnetwork，assuchnetworksaredescribedinthepassage？

　　（A）Apublichighschoolofferscoursesinbook-keepingandaccountingaspartofitsopen-enrollmentadulteducationprogram.

　　（B）Thelocalgovernmentinasmallcitysetsupaprogramthathelpsteen-agersfindsummerjobs.

　　（C）Amajorcommercialbankofferslow-interestloanstoexperiencedindividualswhohopetoestablishtheirownbusinesses.

　　（D）Aneighborhood-basedfraternalorganizationdevelopsaprogramofon-the-jobtrainingforitsmembersandtheirfriends.

　　（E）Acommunitycollegeofferscountryresidentstrainingprogramsthatcanleadtocertificationinavarietyoftechnicaltrades.

　　3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutrotatingcreditassociations？

　　（A）TheyweredevelopedexclusivelybyChineseimmigrants.

　　（B）TheyaccountedforasignificantportionoftheinvestmentcapitalusedbyChineseimmigrantsinNewYorkintheearlytwentiethcentury.

　　（C）Third-generationmembersofanimmigrantgroupwhostartedbusinessesinthe1920'swouldhavebeenunlikelytorelyonthem.

　　（D）Theywerefrequentlyjointendeavorsbymembersoftwoorthreedifferentethnicgroups.

　　（E）Recentimmigrantsstillfrequentlyturntorotatingcreditassociationsinsteadofbanksforinvestmentcapital.

　　4.Thepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatements？

　　（A）Aminorityentrepreneurwhohadnoassistancefromfamilymemberswouldnotbeabletostartabusiness.

　　（B）Self-helpnetworkshavebeeneffectiveinhelpingentrepreneursprimarilyinthelast50years.

　　（C）Minoritygroupshavedevelopedarangeofalternativestostandardfinancingofbusinessventures.

　　（D）Thefinancialinstitutionsfoundedbyvariousethnicgroupsowetheirsuccesstotheiruniqueformalorganization.

　　（E）Successfulminority-ownedbusinessessucceedprimarilybecauseofthepersonalstrengthsoftheirfounders.

　　5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraph？

　　（A）Anargumentisdelineated，followedbyacounterargument.

　　（B）Anassertionismadeandseveralexamplesareprovidedtoillustrateit.

　　（C）Asituationisdescribedanditshistoricalbackgroundisthenoutlined.

　　（D）Anexampleofaphenomenonisgivenandisthenusedasabasisforgeneralconclusions.

　　（E）Agroupofparallelincidentsisdescribedandthedistinctionsamongtheincidentsarethenclarified.nctionsamongtheincidentsarethenclarified.

　　6.Accordingtothepassage，onceaminority-ownedbusinessisestablished，self-helpnetworkscontributewhichofthefollowingtothatbusiness？

　　（A）Informationregardingpossibleexpansionofthebusinessintonearbycommunities

　　（B）Encouragementofabusinessclimatethatisnearlyfreeofdirectcompetition

　　（C）Opportunitiesforthebusinessownertoreinvestprofitsinotherminority-ownedbusinesses

　　（D）Contactwithpeoplewhoarelikelytobecustomersofthenewbusiness

　　（E）Contactwithminorityentrepreneurswhoaremembersofotherethnicgroups

　　7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattraditionalanalysesofminoritybusinesswouldbeLEASTlikelytodowhichofthefollowing？

　　（A）Examinebusinessesprimarilyintheirsocialcontexts

　　（B）Focusoncurrent，ratherthanhistorical，examplesofbusinessenterprises

　　（C）Stresscommonexperiencesofindividualentrepreneursinstartingbusinesses

　　（D）Focusonthemaintenanceofbusinesses，ratherthanmeansofstartingthem

　　（E）Focusontheroleofindividualentrepreneursinstartingabusiness

　　8.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheIrishbuildingandloanassociationsmentionedinthelastparagraph？

　　（A）Theywerestartedbythird-orfourth-generationimmigrants.

　　（B）Theyoriginatedasoffshootsofchurch-relatedgroups.

　　（C）TheyfrequentlyhelpedIrishentrepreneurstofinancebusinessnotconnectedwithconstruction.

　　（D）TheycontributedtotheemploymentofmanyIrishconstructionworkers.

　　（E）Theyprovidedassistanceforconstructionbusinessesownedbymembersofotherethnicgroups.

【

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