构词法新解析.docx
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构词法新解析
高中英语构词法归纳
1派生法
(1)前缀
1表示否定意义的前缀:
a.纯否定前缀:
un-:
unable,unemployment,unioad,uncover,unhappy,untrue,unlike,unrest,unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,unclear,unequal,uniucky,unreal,unkind,uncomfortable,uneasy,uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,undivided,unreserved(无保留的)
dis-:
dislike,disarm,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discover,disobey
in-,im-,il-,ir-:
incapable,inability,incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral,illegal,illogical,irregular,irrelative
non-:
non-smoker,non-stop,non-violent,nonwhite,non-member,nonparty,nonsense
b.表示错误的意义:
mis-:
mistake,mislead,misunderstanding,misuse,mis-spell,mistrust,mistreat
c.表示“反、防、抗”的意义:
anti-antiwarantitankantibodyanti-Japanese
contra-contra-missile反导弹的contradict矛盾的
counter-counterrevolution反革命counterattack反击
2表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:
a-在之上,向:
aboard,aside
de-在下,向下:
decrease,degrade
en-在内,进入:
encage(入笼),enbed(上床)
ex-夕卜部,外:
exit,expand(扩张),export
fore-在前面:
forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefoot
in-,im-向内,在内,背于:
inland,inside,indoor(s),import
inter-在间,相互:
international,interaction,internet,interview
mid-中,中间:
mid-position,mid-term,mid-autumn,midnight
out-在外部,在外:
outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over-在上面,在外部,向上:
overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,oversea(s海夕卜)
post-向后,在后边,次:
postscript(附言),post-reading,postwarpre-在前,在前面,提前:
prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition,super在…..之上,超级:
supernatural,superpower,supermantrans-移上,转上,在那一边:
translate,transform,transplant,transportation
under-在…..下面,下的:
underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup-向上,向上面,在上:
upward(s),uphold,uphill(上坡)auto-自己,独立,自动:
automobile,autobiography
tele-远离:
television,telephone,telegram,telegraph,telescope
3表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore-在前面,先前,前面:
foreword,forecast,foretell,foresee,foreknow,
mid-中,中间:
midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumnpost-在后,后:
postwar,postgraduate(研究生),postdatepre-在前,事先,预先:
preheat,prewar,prehistory,preview,prebattle,re-再一次,重新:
retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle,rebuild
4表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by-畐农次要的:
byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)
extra-超越,额外:
extraordinary
over-超过,过度,太:
overeat,oversleep,overpraise,overwork,overact
(行为过分),overdo
under』氐劣,低下:
undersize,undergrown,underproductio(生产不足)vice-畐U,次:
vice-president,vice-chairman
5表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co-共同,一起:
coexist,co-operate,co-worker,coactions,coauthor
6表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake
7表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a-分离,离开:
away,apart
de-离去,处去:
depart,decolour
8自我:
self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-control
9表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be-befriend
en-enslave,enable,enrich,enlarge,encourage
10表示数量关系的前缀:
a.uni-单一,一:
uniform,unicellular(单细胞)
b.bi-二,两,双,bicycle,bilingual双语的,bimonthly
tri-三:
triangle三角形
c.semi-半,一半:
semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinal
d.centi-百,百分之一:
centimeter
e.kilo-千,千分之一:
kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt,kilowatt
f.micro-微小:
microsoft,microcomputer,microscope,micro-wave
g.multi-许多,复,多数:
multimedia,multicolored,multiculture,multiparty多党的
h.milli-千分之一、毫:
millimeter,milligram
i.mini-微小、微型:
minibus,miniskirt,minipark
(2)后缀
1名词后缀:
a.具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an,-ian,-ician地方的人,精通的人:
American,Asian,
Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician,technician,musician,politician(政客),physician
-ant,-ent人:
merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,
-ee动作承受者:
employee,examinee,payee,interviewee
-eer从事于人:
engineer,volunteer
-er从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人:
banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer
-or者:
author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator
-ar,-ary的人,从事的人:
scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,
missionary
-ese国人地方的人:
Chinese,Japanese,Cantonese广东人)
-ess阴性人称名词:
actress,hostess,princess,waitress
-ist从事研究者,信仰主义者:
pianist,communist,dentist,
artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist
-icist家,者,能手:
physicist,,technicist
-logist学家,研究者:
biologist,geologist
b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:
courage,storage,marriage,percentage
-al事物的动作,过程:
refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burial
-ance,-enee性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度:
importanee,distanee,avoidanee,appearanee,performanee,diligenee,differenee,obedienee,absenee,presenee,existenee
-aney,-ency性质,状态,行为,过程:
frequency,urgeney,effieiency,
-ity性质,状态,程度:
purity,reality,equality,majority
-bility动作,性质,状态:
ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom等级,领域,状态:
freedom,kingdom,wisdom-ery,-ry行为,状态,习性,性质:
bravery,slavery
-hood资格,身份,年纪,状态:
childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood-ice行为,性质,状态:
notiee,justice,service
-ing动作的过程,结果:
building,writing,learning
-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion行为的过程,结果,状况:
suggestion,aetion,solution,invention,direetion,correction,eolleetion,instruetion,destruetion,introduetion,eongratulation,dietation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,edueation,information,translation,starvation,satisfaetion,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,deseription,deeision,division,eonelusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,diseussion
-ment行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:
disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,
development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement-ness性质,状态,程度:
goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,
business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness
-ism主义,学说,信仰,行为:
socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,
communism,Marxism,capitalism
-ship情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:
hardship,relationship,
membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship
-th,性质,状态:
strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth
-ure行为,结果:
exposure,pressure,failure,procedure,mixturppleasure-craft工艺:
aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft
c.带有场所,地方的含义:
-age住所,地点:
village,cottage
-ary住所,场地:
library,granary(谷仓),gallery
-ory工作场所,住处:
factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory
2形容词后缀:
a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able,-ible:
movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible
-al:
natural,additional,educational,national
-ant,-ent:
distant,important,excellent
-ing(表示特征:
令人觉得):
moving,touching,interesting,exciting,
disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing
-ed(表示情绪:
觉得):
pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted
-ish:
foolish,bookish,selfish
-ive:
active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressive
b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:
-ish:
boyish,childish
-like:
manlike,childlike
-some:
troublesome,handsome,awesome
-y:
milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly
-ly:
manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,Ionely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarly
c.表示“充分的”含义:
-ful:
beautiful,wonderful,helpful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful
-ous:
dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountain。
us,humorous,various
d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:
-en:
wooden,golden,woolen
e.表示方向的含义:
-ern:
eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern-ward:
downward,forward
f.表示“数量关系”的含义:
-teen:
thirteen
-ty:
fifty
-th:
fourth,fiftieth
g.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:
-an:
Roman,European
-ese:
Chinese,Japanese
-ish:
English,Spanish
h.表示否定:
-less:
countless,stainiess(不锈的),wireless,useless,
endless,priceless(无价的,贵重的),
i.proof-防的:
-fireproof‘bombproof,waterproof’s。
undproof
3动词后缀:
-ize,ise做成,变成,化:
modernize,democratize,organize,
apologize,realize,criticize,fertilize
-en使成为,弓I起,使有:
quicken,weaken,soften,harden
-fy使化,使成:
beautify,purify,signify,simplify,satisfy
en-:
使成为,引起,使有:
enlargeenableencourageenjoyenrich
4副词后缀:
-ly:
possibly,swiftly,simply
-ward(s):
downward,inwards,upward
-ways:
always,sideways
-wise:
otherwise,clockwise
注意:
有的单词有双重后缀,如:
use^useless^uselessness,se>selfishiselfishness,carelessness
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:
important宀importanee宀unimportanee,success^successful—unsuccessful,regular—irregular—irregularityforget—forgettable—unforgettable,necessar—unnecessar—unnecessarity
2.合成法
(1)合成名词
boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket,she-goat,
editor-in-chief,daybreak,handshake,silkworm,outbreak
(2)合成形容词
名词+动词过去分词:
man-made,homemade
畐U词+动词过去分词:
well-known,newly-built,narrowly-escape形容词+名词ed:
kind-hearted,cold-blooded
数词+名词ed:
five-storeyed,four-legged
名词+动词现在分词:
English-speaking,Chinese-speaking,brainwashing由三个词构成的合成形容词:
face-to-face,heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long
3.转化法
(1)名词t动词hand(手t传递)charge(费用t收费)flood(洪水t淹没)paint(油漆t刷漆)pin(别针t装订)face(脸t面对)
其他合成形容词:
everyday,faraway,snow-white,lay-off
back(背部,后面t支持,后退)copy(抄本,复印件t抄写,复印)heat(热量t加热)
phone(电话t打电话)waste(废物t浪费)use(用途t使用)
interest(兴趣宀使兴趣)
taste(味道t品尝)break(短暂休息宀折断)
(2)形容词-动词clean(干净—使干净,打扫)dirty(脏—弄脏)empty(空的—倒空)slow(慢的—放慢)cool(凉的—冷却)
surprise(惊讶—使惊讶)
smell(气味—闻)
present(礼物