构词法新解析.docx

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构词法新解析.docx

构词法新解析

高中英语构词法归纳

1派生法

(1)前缀

1表示否定意义的前缀:

a.纯否定前缀:

un-:

unable,unemployment,unioad,uncover,unhappy,untrue,unlike,unrest,unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,unclear,unequal,uniucky,unreal,unkind,uncomfortable,uneasy,uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,undivided,unreserved(无保留的)

dis-:

dislike,disarm,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discover,disobey

in-,im-,il-,ir-:

incapable,inability,incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral,illegal,illogical,irregular,irrelative

non-:

non-smoker,non-stop,non-violent,nonwhite,non-member,nonparty,nonsense

b.表示错误的意义:

mis-:

mistake,mislead,misunderstanding,misuse,mis-spell,mistrust,mistreat

c.表示“反、防、抗”的意义:

anti-antiwarantitankantibodyanti-Japanese

contra-contra-missile反导弹的contradict矛盾的

counter-counterrevolution反革命counterattack反击

2表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:

a-在之上,向:

aboard,aside

de-在下,向下:

decrease,degrade

en-在内,进入:

encage(入笼),enbed(上床)

ex-夕卜部,外:

exit,expand(扩张),export

fore-在前面:

forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefoot

in-,im-向内,在内,背于:

inland,inside,indoor(s),import

inter-在间,相互:

international,interaction,internet,interview

mid-中,中间:

mid-position,mid-term,mid-autumn,midnight

out-在外部,在外:

outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over-在上面,在外部,向上:

overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,oversea(s海夕卜)

post-向后,在后边,次:

postscript(附言),post-reading,postwarpre-在前,在前面,提前:

prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition,super在…..之上,超级:

supernatural,superpower,supermantrans-移上,转上,在那一边:

translate,transform,transplant,transportation

under-在…..下面,下的:

underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup-向上,向上面,在上:

upward(s),uphold,uphill(上坡)auto-自己,独立,自动:

automobile,autobiography

tele-远离:

television,telephone,telegram,telegraph,telescope

3表示时间,序列关系的前缀:

fore-在前面,先前,前面:

foreword,forecast,foretell,foresee,foreknow,

mid-中,中间:

midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumnpost-在后,后:

postwar,postgraduate(研究生),postdatepre-在前,事先,预先:

preheat,prewar,prehistory,preview,prebattle,re-再一次,重新:

retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle,rebuild

4表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:

by-畐农次要的:

byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)

extra-超越,额外:

extraordinary

over-超过,过度,太:

overeat,oversleep,overpraise,overwork,overact

(行为过分),overdo

under』氐劣,低下:

undersize,undergrown,underproductio(生产不足)vice-畐U,次:

vice-president,vice-chairman

5表示共同,相等意思的前缀:

co-共同,一起:

coexist,co-operate,co-worker,coactions,coauthor

6表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:

a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake

7表示分离,离开意思的前缀:

a-分离,离开:

away,apart

de-离去,处去:

depart,decolour

8自我:

self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-control

9表示变换词类作用的前缀:

be-befriend

en-enslave,enable,enrich,enlarge,encourage

10表示数量关系的前缀:

a.uni-单一,一:

uniform,unicellular(单细胞)

b.bi-二,两,双,bicycle,bilingual双语的,bimonthly

tri-三:

triangle三角形

c.semi-半,一半:

semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinal

d.centi-百,百分之一:

centimeter

e.kilo-千,千分之一:

kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt,kilowatt

f.micro-微小:

microsoft,microcomputer,microscope,micro-wave

g.multi-许多,复,多数:

multimedia,multicolored,multiculture,multiparty多党的

h.milli-千分之一、毫:

millimeter,milligram

i.mini-微小、微型:

minibus,miniskirt,minipark

(2)后缀

1名词后缀:

a.具有某种职业或动作的人:

-an,-ian,-ician地方的人,精通的人:

American,Asian,

Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician,technician,musician,politician(政客),physician

-ant,-ent人:

merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,

-ee动作承受者:

employee,examinee,payee,interviewee

-eer从事于人:

engineer,volunteer

-er从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人:

banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer

-or者:

author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator

-ar,-ary的人,从事的人:

scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,

missionary

-ese国人地方的人:

Chinese,Japanese,Cantonese广东人)

-ess阴性人称名词:

actress,hostess,princess,waitress

-ist从事研究者,信仰主义者:

pianist,communist,dentist,

artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist

-icist家,者,能手:

physicist,,technicist

-logist学家,研究者:

biologist,geologist

b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:

-age状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:

courage,storage,marriage,percentage

-al事物的动作,过程:

refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burial

-ance,-enee性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度:

importanee,distanee,avoidanee,appearanee,performanee,diligenee,differenee,obedienee,absenee,presenee,existenee

-aney,-ency性质,状态,行为,过程:

frequency,urgeney,effieiency,

-ity性质,状态,程度:

purity,reality,equality,majority

-bility动作,性质,状态:

ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom等级,领域,状态:

freedom,kingdom,wisdom-ery,-ry行为,状态,习性,性质:

bravery,slavery

-hood资格,身份,年纪,状态:

childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood-ice行为,性质,状态:

notiee,justice,service

-ing动作的过程,结果:

building,writing,learning

-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion行为的过程,结果,状况:

suggestion,aetion,solution,invention,direetion,correction,eolleetion,instruetion,destruetion,introduetion,eongratulation,dietation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,edueation,information,translation,starvation,satisfaetion,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,deseription,deeision,division,eonelusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,diseussion

-ment行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:

disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,

development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement-ness性质,状态,程度:

goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,

business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness

-ism主义,学说,信仰,行为:

socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,

communism,Marxism,capitalism

-ship情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:

hardship,relationship,

membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship

-th,性质,状态:

strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth

-ure行为,结果:

exposure,pressure,failure,procedure,mixturppleasure-craft工艺:

aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft

c.带有场所,地方的含义:

-age住所,地点:

village,cottage

-ary住所,场地:

library,granary(谷仓),gallery

-ory工作场所,住处:

factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory

2形容词后缀:

a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:

-able,-ible:

movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible

-al:

natural,additional,educational,national

-ant,-ent:

distant,important,excellent

-ing(表示特征:

令人觉得):

moving,touching,interesting,exciting,

disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing

-ed(表示情绪:

觉得):

pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted

-ish:

foolish,bookish,selfish

-ive:

active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressive

b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:

-ish:

boyish,childish

-like:

manlike,childlike

-some:

troublesome,handsome,awesome

-y:

milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly

-ly:

manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,Ionely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarly

c.表示“充分的”含义:

-ful:

beautiful,wonderful,helpful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful

-ous:

dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountain。

us,humorous,various

d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:

-en:

wooden,golden,woolen

e.表示方向的含义:

-ern:

eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern-ward:

downward,forward

f.表示“数量关系”的含义:

-teen:

thirteen

-ty:

fifty

-th:

fourth,fiftieth

g.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:

-an:

Roman,European

-ese:

Chinese,Japanese

-ish:

English,Spanish

h.表示否定:

-less:

countless,stainiess(不锈的),wireless,useless,

endless,priceless(无价的,贵重的),

i.proof-防的:

-fireproof‘bombproof,waterproof’s。

undproof

3动词后缀:

-ize,ise做成,变成,化:

modernize,democratize,organize,

apologize,realize,criticize,fertilize

-en使成为,弓I起,使有:

quicken,weaken,soften,harden

-fy使化,使成:

beautify,purify,signify,simplify,satisfy

en-:

使成为,引起,使有:

enlargeenableencourageenjoyenrich

4副词后缀:

-ly:

possibly,swiftly,simply

-ward(s):

downward,inwards,upward

-ways:

always,sideways

-wise:

otherwise,clockwise

注意:

有的单词有双重后缀,如:

use^useless^uselessness,se>selfishiselfishness,carelessness

有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:

important宀importanee宀unimportanee,success^successful—unsuccessful,regular—irregular—irregularityforget—forgettable—unforgettable,necessar—unnecessar—unnecessarity

2.合成法

(1)合成名词

boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket,she-goat,

editor-in-chief,daybreak,handshake,silkworm,outbreak

(2)合成形容词

名词+动词过去分词:

man-made,homemade

畐U词+动词过去分词:

well-known,newly-built,narrowly-escape形容词+名词ed:

kind-hearted,cold-blooded

数词+名词ed:

five-storeyed,four-legged

名词+动词现在分词:

English-speaking,Chinese-speaking,brainwashing由三个词构成的合成形容词:

face-to-face,heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long

3.转化法

(1)名词t动词hand(手t传递)charge(费用t收费)flood(洪水t淹没)paint(油漆t刷漆)pin(别针t装订)face(脸t面对)

其他合成形容词:

everyday,faraway,snow-white,lay-off

back(背部,后面t支持,后退)copy(抄本,复印件t抄写,复印)heat(热量t加热)

phone(电话t打电话)waste(废物t浪费)use(用途t使用)

interest(兴趣宀使兴趣)

taste(味道t品尝)break(短暂休息宀折断)

(2)形容词-动词clean(干净—使干净,打扫)dirty(脏—弄脏)empty(空的—倒空)slow(慢的—放慢)cool(凉的—冷却)

surprise(惊讶—使惊讶)

smell(气味—闻)

present(礼物

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