08《跨文化交际》考试复习题新.docx

08《跨文化交际》考试复习题新.docx

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08《跨文化交际》考试复习题新

跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料

I.Giveabriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms（名词解释）

1.interculturalcommunication.（参考课本P8.）

2.verbalcommunication

communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage

Easiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.

Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.

3.Non-verbalcommunication

Itreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesofsignalcomeintoplay,includingthewaywemove,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.

4.cultureshock

Itisapsychologicalphenomenonthatisexperiencedmostoftenbythosewho,whethervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily,intheprocessofadjustingthemselvestoanewculture.

II.Answerthefollowingquestions（简答题）

1.What’stherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture？

Languageisareflectionofculture,andcultureisareflectionoflanguage.

Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse（themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols）.

Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.

2.DescribethedifferentwaysinshowinghospitalitybetweenChinesecultureandwesternculture

Chineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay'no',weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores'no',weillacceptit.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality.Whilewesternersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’tpress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.

3.WhatarethedifferencesonreceivinggiftsbetweenChineseandwesterner?

IntheWest,itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.InChina,thesituationisquitethereverse.NormallyweChinesefeelthatifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Therefore,Chinesepeopletendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.

InChina,manypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside,andthereceiverwillthankthesenderandputthegiftasidewithoutunwrappingthemsincetheyalreadyknowwhatisinside.Englishreceiversopenthegiftsinfrontofthesendersofthegifts.

4.Explaintheterm“interculturalcommunicationcompetence”anditsthreecomponents.

Theinterculturalcompetencereferstotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture.Interculturalcommunicativecompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparableinreality.Theinterrelatednessofcognitive,affective,andoperationalcomponentsisveryimportantintheimprovementofthecommunicator’sinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.Therearealsothreeaspectsintermsofaffectivecomponents:

adaptationmotivation,Identityflexibilityandestheticco-orientation,thecognitiveaspectsofinterculturalcommunicationcompetencearethementalcapacitiesofcomprehensionandabilitytounderstandthemeaningsofvariousverbalandnonverbalcodes.OperationalcomponentsarethatIndividuals’capacitytoexpresscognitiveandaffectiveexperiencesoutwardlyisshownthroughspecificbehaviors.

5.WhydomanyChinesepeopletendtoaskaboutage,martialstatus,andevensalarywhenfirstmeetingoneanother?

Tothem,theseareopenconversationaltopics.Knowingaperson’sagehelpsthemuseappropriatetermsofaddress.AndChinesepeoplepayalotofattentiontofamilylife,sonaturallytalkoffamilymembersfeaturesasacommontopic.Astosalary,sincethereisanationalsystemofsalaries,peopleusuallydon’tconsideritasecretandtheytalkaboutitopenly.

6.HowtoaddresspeopleinbothChineseandEnglish?

（参考课本P22-24.）

7.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishKinTerms?

InChineseculture,peoplerefertopeoplestrictlyaccordingtothekinterms.Itiscompletelyunacceptabletorefertoone'sparentsbyusingthenames.Whenchildrenaddressrelatives,Chinesekintermstellwhethertheyareolderoryoungerthantheirfatherormother.Chinesekintermstellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'ssideandwhetherone'sbrother,sisterorcousinisolderoryoungerthanhe/she.Chinesekintermsarealsotootherpeoplewhoarenotone'srelatives;kintermsarewidelyusedtoaddressknownorunknownpeople

WhileinEnglishculture,insomefamiliesinWesterncountries,somechildrenaddresstheirparentsdirectlybytheirfirstnames.InBritain,childrenareexpectedtoaddresstheparents'brotherandsisterswiththetitleofUncleorAuntplustheirnamesandsometimessimplyaddressthembyfirstnamewithoutatitle.Englishkintermsdon’ttellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'sside,andtherearenotdistinctkintermsforelderbrotheroryoungerbrother.KintermsarenotasfrequentlyusedasinChinese.Inallkindsofsocialsituations,eitherformallyorinformally,peoplewon'tusekintermstoaddresseachotheriftheyarenotrelatives.

8.Statesixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication.

8.WhatisthesignificanceofNonverbalCommunication?

Nonverbalbehaviorisasignificantareaofcommunicationstudyforatleastthree

reasons.

Nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.

Nonverbalbehaviorspontaneouslyreflectsthesubconsciousness.

Wecannotavoidcommunicatingthroughnonverbalsignals.

Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcan

beopentomanyinterpretations.

9.Whydoweneedtostudyinterculturalcommunication?

（1）.Technologicaldevelopment

Thedevelopmentofnewtransportationandinformationtechnologieshasconnectedallnationsinwaysthatwerepossiblebeforethiscenturyonlyintheimagination.

（2）.WidespreadpopulationMigrations

（3）.ThechangesintheinternationalbusinesscommunityhavecompelledChinatoreexamineherbusiness.

（4）.DevelopmentofMulticulturalism.Culturaldiversityormulticulturalismwillbecomethenorm;nottheexception.Thepublicmustacknowledgeandadjusttodifferencebutbuildoncommonality.

10.whataremeaningsincommunication?

Utterancemeaning:

whatitnormallymeans

Speakersmeaning:

thespeakerhasintendedtoconveybywayofutterancemeaning.

Hearer’smeaning:

thehearerhasunderstoodonthebasisoftheutterancemeaning

Case:

AChinesestudenthadjustarrivedattheStates.Oneday,whenhewasreadinginhisroom,heheardsomeoneshoutingoutside:

“Watchout!

”Sohewenttothewindowandstretchedouthisheadandtriedtofindoutwhat’sgoingonoutside.Justthen,hisheadwasrightpouredbythewaterfromabove…

Question:

Wouldyoupleaseanalyzethesaying“Watchout”

withthethreemeaningsincommunication?

Keytothequestion:

1.Utterancemeaning:

Becareful!

2.Speaker’smeaning:

Don’tpullout!

3.Hearer’smeaning:

Somethingishappening!

Lookout!

11.Howtodeterminegeniusinvitingorfalseone?

1）.Pleasereadthedialogue;trytounderstanditsfunction.

A:

Itwasnicetalkingtoyou.Ihavetoruntoclass.

B:

OK,maybewecanmeetsometimesoon.

A:

Yeah,I’dloveto.Whydon’tyoudropbymyhouse?

B:

Great.Gottogo.Seeyousoon.

ItisverycommondialogueamongAmericans.Itfunctionsasasignalforendinganinteractionorforanindicationoffriendliness.Itwillnotleadtodefinitefuturemeeting.

InAmericanculture,however,agenuineinvitationisalwaysmadewithclearindicationofactivity,timeandplaceorthemeeting.Thereisusuallyanegotiationaboutthetimeandplaceandadefinitereplyisexpected.

2）.Nowstudythefollowingstatementsandthinkhowyouwouldrespondtoeachofthem.Discussinsmallgroups.

1.Let’sgettogethersoon.

2.Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.Youmustcomeroundfordinnersometime.

3.It’sgoodseeingyou.I’llinviteyoutotealater.

4.I’mgoingtogiveapartythisweekend.Comeifyoulike.

5.HowaboutjoiningusfordinnerthisFridaynight?

KeystoQuestion

1,2,and3,areunrealinvitations,becausethespeakerdoesn’tgivethespecifictimeandplacefortheget-together.You’dbetterreplylike“Thankyou.”“I’dlovetoverymuch.”Don’tquestionabout“when”or“where”,forthespeakerdoesn’treallymeantodoanyinvitation.

Statements4and5areinvitationastheygivespecifictime.ButtheymaysounduncertaintoaChineseearbecauseofthetoneoftheverbalinvitation.Easterners（Chinese）wouldmostlikelysaysomething.Like:

“Docome.Pleasedocome.”

3）.Summary

Paymoreattentiontothefeaturesof“false”invitation.

1.Indefinitereferenceoftime,place.

2.Noinquiryorimmediatereplyordecision.

3.Adverbsindicatingtheuncertaintyoftimelike:

“Oneday”,”Someday”,“soon”etc.

PartIIICaseAnalysis（Youarerequiredtostateculturalphenomenonineachcase）

Case1

XiaoLIandXiaoWangwerecolleagues.XiaoLIgavealotofhelptoXiaoWangfinanciallyandsocially.RecentlyXiaoLIwouldgetmarried.Butheforg