雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx

雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx

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雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析

【雅思真题】剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析

READINGPASSAGE3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.

EFFECTSOFNOISE

Ingeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheexperienceofhavingtoadjusttosleepinginthemountainsorthecountrysidebecauseitwasinitially‘tooquiet',anexperiencethatsuggeststhathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiselevels.Researchsupportsthisview.Forexample,GlassandSinger（1972）exposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthenmeasuredtheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirphysiologicalreactionstothenoise.Thenoisewasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectsweredoingjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.Theirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothesamelevelsasthoseofthecontrolsubjects.

Buttherearelimitstoadaptationandloudnoisebecomesmoretroublesomeifthepersonisrequiredtoconcentrateonmorethanonetask.Forexample,highnoiselevelsinterferedwiththeperformanceofsubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreedialsatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeroplanepilotoranair-trafficcontroller（Broadbent,1957）.Similarly,noisedidnotaffectasubject'sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithasteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'sabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletracking（FinkelmanandGlass,1970）.

Probablythemostsignificantfindingfromresearchonnoiseisthatitspredictabilityismoreimportantthanhowlouditis.Wearemuchmoreableto‘tuneout'chronicbackgroundnoise,evenifitisquiteloud,thantoworkundercircumstanceswithunexpectedintrusionsofnoise.IntheGlassandSingerstudy,inwhichsubjectswereexposedtoburstsofnoiseastheyworkedonatask,somesubjectsheardloudburstsandothersheardsoftbursts.Forsomesubjects,theburstswerespacedexactlyoneminuteapart（predictablenoise）;othersheardthesameamountofnoiseoverall,buttheburstsoccurredatrandomintervals（unpredictablenoise）.Subjectsreportedfindingthepredictableandunpredictablenoiseequallyannoying,andallsubjectsperformedataboutthesamelevelduringthenoiseportionoftheexperiment.Butthedifferentnoiseconditionshadquitedifferentafter-effectswhenthesubjectswererequiredtoproofreadwrittenmaterialunderconditionsofnonoise.AsshowninTable1theunpredictablenoiseproducedmoreerrorsinthelaterproofreadingtaskthanpredictablenoise;andsoft,unpredictablenoiseactuallyproducedslightlymoreerrorsonthistaskthantheloud,predictablenoise.

Table1:

ProofreadingErrorsandNoise

Apparently,unpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguethanpredictablenoise,butittakesawhileforthisfatiguetotakeitstollonperformance.

Predictabilityisnottheonlyvariablethatreducesoreliminatesthenegativeeffectsofnoise.Anotheriscontrol.Iftheindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thisseemstoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeanditsafter-effects.Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneveractuallyexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff（GlassandSinger,1972）.Justtheknowledgethatonehascontrolissufficient.

Thestudiesdiscussedsofarexposedpeopletonoiseforonlyshortperiodsandonlytransienteffectswerestudied.Butthemajorworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaywithchronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.Onestudy,suggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedelementaryschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLosAngeles'sbusiestairportwithstudentswhoattendedschoolsinquietneighbourhoods（Cohenetal.,1980）.Itwasfoundthatchildrenfromthenoisyschoolshadhigherbloodpressureandweremoreeasilydistractedthanthosewhoattendedthequietschools.Moreover,therewasnoevidenceofadaptabilitytothenoise.Infact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,themoredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelonglasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweremovedtolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityoneyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequietschools（Cohenetal,1981）.Itshouldbenotedthatthetwogroupsofchildrenhadbeencarefullymatchedbytheinvestigatorssothattheywerecomparableinage,ethnicity,race,andsocialclass.

Questions27-29

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-29onyouranswersheet.

27Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplemayhavedifficultysleepinginthemountainsbecause

Ahumansdonotpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.

Btheymaybeexposedtoshortburstsofverystrangesounds.

Chumansprefertohearacertainamountofnoisewhiletheysleep.

Dtheymayhaveadaptedtoahighernoiselevelinthecity.

28Innoiseexperiments,GlassandSingerfoundthat

Aproblem-solvingismucheasierunderquietconditions.

Bphysiologicalarousalpreventstheabilitytowork.

Cburstsofnoisedonotseriouslydisruptproblem-solvinginthelongterm.

Dthephysiologicalarousalofcontrolsubjectsdeclinedquickly.

29Researchersdiscoveredthathighnoiselevelsarenotlikelytointerferewiththe

Asuccessfulperformanceofasingletask.

Btasksofpilotsorairtrafficcontrollers.

Cabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletrackingmovinglines.

Dabilitytomonitorthreedialsatonce.

Questions30-34

Completethesummaryusingthelistofwordsandphrases,A-J,below.

Writethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes30-34onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

GlassandSinger（1972）showedthatsituationsinwhichthereisintensenoisehavelesseffectonperformancethancircumstancesinwhich30…………noiseoccurs.Subjectsweredividedintogroupstoperformatask.Someheardloudburstsofnoise,otherssoft.Forsomesubjects,thenoisewaspredictable,whileforothersitsoccurrencewasrandom.Allgroupswereexposedto31…………noise.Thepredictablenoisegroup32…………theunpredictablenoisegrouponthistask.

Inthesecondpartoftheexperiment,thefourgroupsweregivenaproofreadingtasktocompleteunderconditionsofnonoise.Theywererequiredtocheckwrittenmaterialforerrors.Thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtounpredictablenoise33…………thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtopredictablenoise.Thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtoloudpredictablenoiseperformedbetterthanthosewhohadheardsoft,unpredictablebursts.Theresultssuggestthat34…………noiseproducesfatiguebutthatthismanifestsitselflater.

Anocontrolover

Bunexpected

Cintense

Dthesameamountof

Eperformedbetterthan

Fperformedataboutthesamelevelas

Gno

Hshowedmoreirritationthan

Imademoremistakesthan

Jdifferenttypesof

Questions35-40

Lookatthefollowingstatements（Questions35-40）andthelistofresearchersbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectresearcher（s）,A-E.

Writethecorrectletter,4-E,inboxes35-40onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

35Subjectsexposedtonoisefinditdifficultatfirsttoconcentrateonproblem-solvingtasks.

36Long-termexposuretonoisecanproducechangesinbehaviourwhichcanstillbeobservedayearlater.

37Theproblemsassociatedwithexposuretonoisedonotariseifthesubjectknowstheycanmakeitstop.

38Exposuretohigh-pitchednoiseresultsinmoreerrorsthanexposuretolow-pitchednoise.

39Subjectsfinditdifficulttoperformthreetasksatthesametimewhenexposedtonoise.

40Noiseaffectsasubject'scapacitytorepeatnumberswhilecarryingoutanothertask.

ListofResearchers

AGlassandSinger

BBroadbent

CFinkelmanandGlass

DCohenetal.

ENoneoftheabove

READINGPASSAGE3真题解析

篇章结构

体裁：

说明文

主题：

噪声影响

结构

第一段：

人对噪音有自我调节能力。

第二段：

调节能力的局限性。

第三段：

噪音可预测性对人的影响的实验。

第四段：

实验结论：

不可预测性噪音更易让人疲惫。

第五段：

人对控制噪音能力的认知可以减少噪音影响。

第六段：

长期生活于高噪音环境的危害。

必背词汇

第一段

plausibleadj.貌似真实的，貌似有理的workoutv.解决；设计出；计算

adjustv.调整，使……适于physiologicaladj.生理的，生理学的

countrysiden.乡村，农村reactionn.反应

initiallyadv.最初disruptiveadj.捣乱的，破坏性的，制造混乱的

capableadj.有能力的

adaptv.使……适应；改编subjectn.科目，主题

exposev.使暴露于，使接触到controlv.&n.克制，控制

burstn.破裂，突然出现arousaln.激励，鼓励

第二段

adaptationn.改编；适应pilotn.飞行员，领航员，引航员

troublesomeadj.令人烦恼的，讨厌的air-trafficn.空中交通

concentratev.集中，专心；浓缩trackv.跟踪，追踪

interferev.妨碍；冲突；干涉steerv.引导；驾驶；航行

monitorv.监视，监听，监督

第三段

significantadj.有意义的，意味深长的；重要的，重大的

overalladj.全部的，总体的

randomadj.任意的，随便的，胡乱的

predictabilityn.可预测性intervaln.间隔

tuneout关掉，不理会annoyingadj.恼人的，讨厌的

chronicadj.长期的；慢性的portionn.部分，份；命运

circumstancen.环境；状况；事件after-effectn.后果；余波

intrusionn.闯入，侵扰proofreadv.校对，校勘

spacev.隔开，分隔errorn.错误，过失

第四段

apparentlyadv.显然tolln.代价

fatiguen.疲乏，疲劳

第五段

variablen.变量individualn.个人，个体

eliminatev.除去，排除，剔除exercisev.锻炼；操练；练习；运用；行使

negativeadj.否定的；消极的；负面的sufficientadj.足够的，充分的

第六段

sofar迄今为止adaptabilityn.适应性

transientadj.短暂的distractibleadj.易于分心的，不专心的

lastingadj.永久的，永恒的follow-upadj.继续的

realisticadj.现实的，现实主义的investigatorn.研究者，调查者，审查者

elementaryadj.初级的，基本的comparableadj.可比较的，比得上的

bloodpressure血压ethnicityn.种族划分；种族特性

distractv.转移，分心socialclass社会地位

难句解析

1.Ingeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.

参考译文：

总体来说，人们应该更喜欢和平宁静而不喜欢噪音——这种想法貌似有些道理。

语言点：

（1）ingeneral:

usuallyorinmostsituations

Ingeneral,about10%ofthecandidatesareeventuallyofferedpositions.

（2）plausible:

adj.reasonableandlikelytobetrueorsuccessful

Hisstorycer