考研英语845doc.docx

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考研英语-845

（总分：

100.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、SectionⅠUseofEng（总题数：

1，分数：

10.00）

Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabank,heislendingthebankmoney.Hemay

（1）therepaymentofthemoneyatanytime,either

（2）cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.（3）,thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois（4）dependingonwhetherthecustomer'saccountis（5）creditorisoverdrawn.But,in（6）tothatbasicallysimpleconcept,thebankanditscustomer（7）alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive（8）toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomer,unlike,say,abuyerofgoods,cannotcomplainthatthelawis（9）againsthim.

Thebankmust（10）itscustomer'sinstructions,andnotthoseofanyoneelse.（11）,forexample,acustomeropensanaccount,heinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin（12）ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank（13）ofhissignature,andthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor（14）topayoutacustomer'smoney（15）acheckonwhichitscustomer'ssignaturehasbeen（16）Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery（17）one:

thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer'ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno（18）tothecustomerinthepractice,（19）bybanks,ofprintingthecustomer'snameonhischecks.Ifthis（20）Forgery,itisthebankthatwilllose,notthecustomer.（254words）

（分数：

10.00）

 A.acquire

 B.deposit

 C.demand

 D.derive

 A.for

 B.through

 C.as

 D.in

 A.However

 B.Primarily

 C.Moreover

 D.Presumably

 A.which

 B.what

 C.how

 D.that

 A.on

 B.with

 C.in

 D.for

 A.support

 B.contrast

 C.regard

 D.addition

 A.owe

 B.commit

 C.attribute

 D.embark

 A.purpose

 B.rise

 C.priority

 D.thought

 A.loaded

 B.offended

 C.discriminated

 D.directed

 A.conform

 B.comply

 C.obey

 D.abide

 A.Unless

 B.Although

 C.Since

 D.When

 A.respect

 B.charge

 C.line

 D.place

 A.specifics

 B.signs

 C.symbols

 D.specimens

 A.reputation

 B.prestige

 C.authority

 D.impact

 A.by

 B.on

 C.with

 D.for

 A.printed

 B.confirmed

 C.forged

 D.justified

 A.delicate

 B.skillful

 C.unusual

 D.unique

 A.risk

 B.guarantee

 C.fault

 D.benefit

 A.engaged

 B.intended

 C.adapted

 D.adopted

 A.contributes

 B.facilitates

 C.results

 D.leads

二、SectionⅡReadingCo（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

三、PartA（总题数：

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四、Text1（总题数：

1，分数：

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WhenDr.JohnW.Gofman,professorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcritic,speaksof"ecocide"inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnology,hemeansthefollowing:

AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkar,theNetherlands,wouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepound,releasedintotheatmosphere,couldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500,000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomy,itisestimatedthattherewillbe10,000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEurope,ofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200,000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradable,plutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.

In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofair,buttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers'Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician,40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestion,outofatotalof29deathsthusfar,sevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenow,infact,findingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker,"statesDr.IrvingSelikoff,oftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.

Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchloride,agasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremade,causesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.However,thehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideis,insomeways,moredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up.""Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities,"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10years,workershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany.（422words）

Notes:

plutonium钚。

asbestos石棉。

polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯。

（分数：

10.00）

（1）.By"ecocide"theauthormostprobablymeans（分数：

2.00）

 A.wasteutilization.

 B.ecologicalbalance.

 C.radioactivereaction.

 D.massivebio-destruction.

（2）.Accordingtothetext,theauthormentionsplutoniuminparagraph1to（分数：

2.00）

 A.estimatetheamountofnuclearmaterialinEurope.

 B.exemplifyoneofthepossiblecausesoflungcancer.

 C.highlightthemeasuresneededtopreventlungcancer.

 D.showthedestructivepropertiesofindustrialwastematerials.

（3）.Thestyleofthesecondparagraphismainly（分数：

2.00）

 A.factual.

 B.sarcastic.

 C.emotional.

 D.argumentative.

（4）.Accordingtoparagraph3,someworkershavebeenkilledbyharmfulpollutantsinthat（分数：

2.00）

 A.productioncouldnotbehalted.

 B.theyfailedtotakesafetymeasures.

 C.researchwasnotpursuedtoasolution.

 D.safetyequipmentwasnotadequatelyprovided.

（5）.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorbelievesthat（分数：

2.00）

 A.nationwideapplicationofanti-pollutiondevicescanfinallypreventcancer.

 B.toughlegislationisneededtosetlowerlimitsofworkerexposuretoharmfulchemicals.

 C.moreresearchisrequiredintothecausesofcancerbeforefurtherprogresscanbemade.

 D.industrializationmustbesloweddowntopreventfurtherspreadofcancer-causingagents.

五、Text2（总题数：

1，分数：

10.00）

Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividual,theapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimals,whichasidefromcloning,havenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.

Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivors,ensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.Likelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmembers,suchastheAfricanBongoAntelope,theSumatranTiger,andtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPanda,someartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformed,perhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.

Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworld,theurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparents,Hsing-HsingandLing-Ling,hadtroubleconceivingnaturally.

TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPanda,theAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbear,whereitwillgrowandmature,untilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.

Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethods,suchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies'habitatsanyway,makingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebated,asbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.（402words）

Notes:

ethically道德上。

genepool基因库。

inseminationn.受精。

fertilize使受精。

embryo胚胎。

proponent支持者，拥护者。

weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊。

（分数：

10.00）

（1）.Theauthorraisestheissueofethicalconsiderationincloninginparagraph1inorderto（分数：

2.00）

 A.identifytheissuesthatwillnotbeaddressedinthetext.

 B.revealanareaofinterestthatwillbeexploredlaterinthetext.

 C.identifyoneofthemainissuesaffectingthecloningcontroversytoday.

 D.drawthereader'sattentiontoasensitiveissuethatbearsconsiderationinthetopicofcloning.

（2）.Theauthordirectsattentionto"HuaMei",thebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZoo,inorderto（分数：

2.00）

 A.showthatcloningasanartificialbirthtechniquehassucceeded.

 B.arguethatpandasareaparticularlylikelycandidateforcloning.

 C.showthatartificialbirthtechniquesotherthancloninghavesucceeded.

 D.demonstratethenecessityofcloningandotherartificialbirthtechniquestothesurvivalofcertainspecies.

（3）.Paragraph4iswritten