an analysis of the comma in english and chinese英语专业论文本科学位论文.docx
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ananalysisofthecommainenglishandchinese英语专业论文本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校
学生毕业设计（论文）
题 目：
AnAnalysisoftheCommain
EnglishandChinese
姓名：
000000000
班级、学号：
00000000000
系（部）：
经济管理系
专业：
商务英语
指导教师：
0000000
开题时间：
2009-4-10
完成时间：
2009-10-22
2009年10月22日
目录
毕业设计任务书…………………………………………………1
毕业设计成绩评定表……………………………………………2
答辩申请书……………………………………………………3-4
正文……………………………………………………………6-25
答辩委员会表决意见……………………………………………26
答辩过程记录表…………………………………………………27
课题AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese
一、课题（论文）提纲
引言
Ⅰ.逗号的基本用法
1.1逗号的来源
1.2逗号的常规基本用法
Ⅱ.逗号的修辞功能
2.1修辞的定义
2.2英语中逗号的修辞作用
2.3汉语中逗号的修辞作用
Ⅲ.逗号的语义功能
3.1英语中逗号的语义功能
3.12逗号引起语义改变
3.2汉语中逗号的语义作用
Ⅳ.逗号的语法功能
4.1.1英语中逗号的语法作用
4.2.2汉语中逗号的语法作用
结论
二、内容摘要
逗号作为英语书面语的一个重要结构表达方式，跟汉语逗号的用法有所不同。
在学习英语时，受汉语母语的干扰，学生往往不能正确地理解和使用英语的逗号。
不少从事英汉翻译的实践者也经常忽略逗号的用法，致使译作时有缺憾。
为此，本文运用语音语调原理、写作、修辞、美学、语义学等方面的知识，通过详实的文献实例，全面地论述了英汉语逗号的修辞和语义功能:
从修辞功能的角度看，逗号可以用以进行澄清、解释、替代、强调、对比、补充，或是取得生动和幽默的效果，等等;从语义功能的角度看，逗号本身可以作为信息载体，暗含特定的意思，在更多的情况下，它本身不含意义，但它的使用与否会引起整个句子意思的变化。
本文在再次强调逗号的重要性的同时，建议英语学习者和研究者们重
新认识标点符号的重要性，并予以充分的重视。
关键词：
逗号英语汉语学习
三、参考文献
[1]Bassett,Susan&Lefevere,AndreConstructingCultures:
EssaysonLiteraryTranslation.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2001
[2]Dingwangdao,etc.ahandbookofwriting,foreignlanguageteachingandResearchPress.1994
[3]GuHongmingTheSpiritoftheChinesePeople,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.1998
[4]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.London:
EdwardArnold1985
[5]Henle,PaulLanguage,Thought,andCulture.TheUniversityofMichiganPress1965
[6]Kramsch,Claire,LanguageandCulture.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress2000
[7]官志红.英语写作易忽视的标点符号问题.大学英语,3（1998）:
21-23
[8]李现新.逗号的妙用.山东教育,24（1997）:
22-24
[9]马占祥.TheUseofPunctuation.内蒙古师大学报（哲学社会科学版），6（1999）:
23-25
[10]潘继成.标点符号修辞探微.语文学刊,5（1999）:
12-15
[11]汪国胜.标点符号概说.高等函授学报（哲学社会科学版）,6（1999）:
12-15
[12]许建平.英汉标点符号的异同.大学英语,11（1998）:
13-15
[13]张端芬.英汉语标点符号之比较.华南理工大学学报,（自然科学版），52（1997）:
13-15
AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese
000000
Abstract:
ThecommaisthemostfrequentlyusedPunctuationmark，butitisoftenabusivelyusedaswell.ManyEnglishlearnersandtranslatorsseldomattachesadequateimportancetoit，soitisnoWonderforthemtomakethisorthatmistakeaboutit.
Thispaper，madeupofthreechapters，isthusdesignedtomakeathoroughstudyoftheuseofthecommainEnglishandChineseThefirstchaptermakesasynopticcomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthebasicusesofthecommainEnglishandChinese.Groundedonthefirstchapternewandoriginalincontent，thesecondandthethirdchapters，employingthetheoriesinphonetics，writing，rhetoric，semanticsandaesthetics，furtherdiscussestherhetoricalandthesemanticfunctionsofthecommainEnglishandChinese:
rhetoricallyspeaking，thecommacanbeusedtoclarify，toexpound，tosubstitute，toemphasize，tocontrast，tocomplement，ortovivify;semanticallyspeaking，thecommaitselfcancarryinformationtoindicatecertainmeaning，orthePresenceandabsenceofthecommacancausesemanticchanges.
Last,thepaperproposesthemoreresearchshouldbedoneonthecomma,andotherpunctuationmarksaswell.
Keywords:
Comma;comparativeStudy;EnglishChinese
Ⅰ.TheBasicUsesoftheComma
1.1TheOriginoftheComma
AccordingtoEncyclopediaBritannica，therewasnopauseorstopintheearlierformsofEuropeanwriting:
“thelettersranoncontinuouslyinlines，withwordsbydegreesdividedupbyspacingwithinthelines.（Gwinnetal，1993:
799）andinthelate15thcentury，AldusManutiusintroducedaregularsystemofpunctuationmarks，whichincludedthecomma（，），thesemicolon（;），thecolon（:
），theperiod（.）andthequestionmark（?
），andmostofwhichwerederivedfromthedotsoftheGreekgrammarians.Butthesedotshaveoftenchangedmeanings:
therefore，theGreekinterrogativemark（:
）becametheEnglishsemicolon·
InancientChinese，therewasnosuchapunctuationmarkasthecomma（，）toindicateapausewithinasentence，andtherewasevennoperiod.Theterm“句读（dou）”wasfirstusedintheHanDynastyand“读”markedas“、”atthattimereferredtoanypausewithinasentence.Eversincetheinventionofprinting，“句读”wasintroducedfromPersonalstudiesintowrittenmaterialsandtherebyitwasgraduallypopularizednationwide.AftertheOpiumwarin1840，withthetranslationofforeignbooksthewesternpunctuatingsystemwasintroducedintoChinese.In1891，withacombinationofChinesetraditionalpunctuatingsystem“句读”andthenewly-introducedpunctuatingsystem，WangBinyaodrewuptenkindsofpunctuationmarks，amongwhichthemark“，”wasfirstadoptedasapunctuationmarktoindicatetheshortestpauseinChinese.（cf.WuBangju，1996:
7一13）later，manyChinesescholars，suchasChenWangDao，HuShi，QianXuantong，ZhouZuoren，etc.introducedintomodernChinesethemark“，”，toreplacethemark“、”inafinalsensetoindicatethepausewithinasentence，andthemark“hassincebeenusedasanotherpunctuationmarkindicatingtheshortestpausewithinasentence.AndduetothehistoricalborrowingofthecommafromEnglish，thecommainChinesenowsharesagreatdealincommonwiththatinEnglish，althoughdifferencesstillexistsimultaneously.
1.2TheGeneralFunctionoftheComma
Therearevariousversionsofthedefinitionofthecomma，buttheycanroughlybeclassifiedintotwogroups:
GroupI
（l）Punctuationmark（，）toindicatealightpauseorbreakbetweenPartsof
sentence.（OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-Chinesedictionary:
274）
（2）Punctuationmark（，）indicatingapausebetweenPartsofsentence，ordividingitemsinalist，stringoffigures，etc.（IllustratedOxfordDictionary:
169）
（3）apunctuationmark（now，〕usedtoseparatethesmallestmembersofasentence.Alsousedtoseparatefiguresandsymbolsinarithmetic，Chemicalformulae，etc.（TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:
539）
（4）apunctuationmark（，）usedtoindicateaseparationofelementswithinthestructureofasentence，andinsomecountries toprecedeadecimalfraction.（UniversalDietionary:
320）
（5）thepunctuationmark“，"indicatingaslightpauseinthespokensentenceandusedwherethereisalistingofitemsortoseparateanonrestrictiveclauseorphrasefromamainclause.（Collin’sEnglishDictionary:
303）
Group2
（6）aPunctuationmark（，）usedtoseparatethingsorideasinasentence.（ACurrentEnglish-ChineseDictionary:
157）
（7）amark（，）ofPunctuation.Commasareusedchieflytoshowinterruptionsinthethoughtorinthestructureofasentence，andtoseparatethepartsofanaddressorotherseriesofwordsornumbers.（TheWorldBookDictionary:
415）
（8）aPunctuationmark（，）indicatingaslightseparationinideasorconstruction.（TimeEnglish-EnglishEnglish-ChineseDictionary:
356）
DefinitionsinGroup1simplypointoutthatthecommaisusedtoseparatestructurallysentenceelementssuchasitemsinalist，stringoffigures，andsymbolsinarithmeticorchemicalformulae.However，definitionsinGroup2giveamorecomprehensiveaccountofthegeneralfunctionofthecomma，thatis，toindicateseparationsinthestructureortoshowinterruptionsinthethought.Anditisthislatterdefinitionofthecommathatisadoptedinthispaper.
Ⅱ.TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheComma
2.1.DefiningRhetoric
Initslongandvigoroushistory，rhetorichasenjoyedmanydefinitions，
AccommodateddifferingPurposes，andvariedwidelyinwhatitincluded.Forexample（cf.LvXu，20（）4:
3-4），
1.Theartofusingwordsinspeakingorwritingsoastopersuadeor
Influenceothers.（TheWorldBookDictionary）
Thewordrhetoricwasonceprimarilythenameofanimportantbranchofphilosophyandanartdeservingofseriousstudy.Inrecentyearsthewordhascometobeusedchieflyinapejorativesensetorefertoinflatedlanguageandpomposity.
2.2TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheCommainEnglish
Ofcourse，therhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaarefarmoreflexibleand
Complicatedthanwhatwasdiscussedintheabovetable.Therefore，insteadoftryinginvaintoexhausttherhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaasameansofcohesion，atentativeeffortismadeheretoprobeintothemostfrequently-usedrhetoricalfunctionsofthecomma.
1.ToClarify
Syntacticallyspeaking，thecommaisusedtoseparateaseriesofitems，ashasalreadybeendiscussedinChapter1.But，thecommausedinthiscaseisfarfromthat:
itisusednotonlytoseparatetoindicatePauses，buttoclarifysoastomakeawrittentexteasiertobereadandunderstood.By“clarify”，thewritermeansthecommaismoreoftenthannotanecessitytoavoidambiguityorvagueness.
2.Toexpound
Whenthecommaisusedtoseparateorsetoffanappositiveelementorothersalike，itoftenindicatesthatwhatimmediatelyfollowsisafurtherexplanationorillustrationoftheantecedent.
3.ToSubstitute
Sometimesawriterwittinglyusesacommatosubstitutewhathasalreadybeenimpliedinthecontextandthereforecanbereadbetweenthelinesbythereader.Bydoingso，thewritercanavoidredundancyorunnecessaryrepetitionssoastonotonlymakethesentencemoreconciseinstructure，butmoreemphaticinforce.
4.Toemphasize
ThecommaisoftenPurposefullyusedtoseparateasentenceelementwhichcoversmostofthepartsofspeechinasentence，theadverbialsinparticular，andwhichthewriterintendstogiveprominenceto.Withoutthecommathewritercanstillmakehimselfunderstood，buthismajorconcernmight，thus，bemissedamongthereaders.
5.Tocontrast
Inordertogiveconsiderableprominencetohisorherfocusofwriting，awriterusuallyadoptsthecommatointroduceacontrastiveelementafterthefocus.Andthecontrastiveelementisusuallyintroducedbynot，butoryet，-Withthiscontrast，thefocuscanbemademore
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