11年英语二.docx

11年英语二.docx

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11年英语二

2011年考研英语

（二）真题完整版

　　SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblackandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

　　Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3？

　　Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thenation‘scyber-czar，offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey，afingerprintandaphotoIDcard，allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard，oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

　　Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver‘slicense10bythegovernment.

　　GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

　　12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace，withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.

　　Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”。

　　Still，theadministration‘splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.

　　Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

　　1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden

　　2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though

　　3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless

　　4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal

　　5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent

　　6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over

　　7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared

　　8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve

　　9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize

　　10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered

　　11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login

　　12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast

　　13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing

　　14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience

　　15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across

　　16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united

　　17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually

　　18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm

　　19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible

　　20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs‘sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.

　　Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm‘sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

　　TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

　　Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.

　　21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.

　　[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

　　[B]failingtofulfillherduty

　　[C]refusingtomakecompromises

　　[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

　　22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.

　　[A]generousinvestors

　　[B]unbiasedexecutives

　　[C]sharepriceforecasters

　　[D]independentadvisers

　　23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector‘ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto.

　　[A]becomemorestable

　　[B]reportincreasedearnings

　　[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

　　[D]performworseinlawsuits

　　24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

　　[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

　　[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

　　[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

　　[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

　　25.Theauthor‘sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.

　　[A]permissive

　　[B]positive

　　[C]scornful

　　[D]critical

　　Text2

　　Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America‘sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

　　Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.

　　Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.

　　Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationDevelopment（OECD）。

InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

　　Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

　　26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.

　　[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

　　[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

　　[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

　　[D]wereinadesperatesituation

　　27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

　　[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

　　[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

　　[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

　　[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

　　28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.

　　[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

　　[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

　　[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

　　[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

　　29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspap