英汉双语比较学生英文版.docx
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英汉双语比较学生英文版
英汉双语比较（学生英文版）
1．Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.
2．Throughyearsofeffortsandwiththesupportofthefamouscollectorsinourcountrywhohaveshowngreatinterestinourwork,wehavesucceededinacquiringanincreasingnumberoffoldingfansdecoratedwithpaintingsandcalligraphiesoftheMingandQingdynasties.Theseexquisiteobjectsofarthavesoenrichedourcollectionthatfoldingfanshaveformedadistinctivecategoryoftheirown.Weputthemondisplayatvariousplacesinthecountryandourexhibitswerewellreceivedbypeoplefromallwalksoflife.
3．Writersandartistsshouldgetnutrition,andenrichthemselvesbyimmersingthemselvesamongthemasses,andbyplungingintothethickoflife.
4．Inthepast,guidedbytheprincipleof“seizingthecurrentopportunitytodeepenthereformandopenChinawidertotheoutsideworld,promotingdevelopmentandmaintainingstability”,theChinesepeopleworkedhardwithaunitedandpioneeringspirit,achievinggreatsuccessinthedriveforsocialistmodernization.
5．Whileadheringtothebaskprincipleof“graspingtheopportunity,deepeningreforms,expandingopening,promotingdevelopmentandmaintainingstability”.
6．TheChinesegovernmentwillunswervinglypursueitsindependentforeignpolicyofpeacebyestablishinganddevelopingfriendlyrelationswithothercountriesandopposinghegemonismandpowerpoliciessoastosafeguardworldpeaceandpromotesocialdevelopmentandtheprogressofmankind.
7．Weshouldworkinself-relianceandhardstruggleandworkwhole-heartedlytopromoteChina’seconomicconstructionandcomprehensivenationalstrength.
8．Topersistinreformandopening,strengthenself-reliance,startundertakingswithpainstakingeffortsandbuildthecountrythroughthriftandhardwork.
9．Effortsshouldbemadetocarryouttheprincipleoflettingahundredflowersblossom,andlettingahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend,givefullscopetothethemeofourtimes,andadvocatediversity.
10．TheWestLakeislikeamirror,embellishedallaroundwithgreenhillsanddeepcavesofenchantingbeauty.
11．AseriesofmeasureswillbeadoptedtoincreaseChina’scomprehensivegrainproductionability.
12．Chinaplanstoopenfurtherandexpandthelevelofopeningtotheoutsideworld.
13．Weshalluseforeigncapitalactively,rationallyandeffectively.
14．Intheover40yearssincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,especiallyinthepast10andmoreyearsofreformandopeninguptotheoutsideworld,…thecityisnowknownfarandwideas“agrainary,awineland,acigarettecapitalandatextilecity”.
Over40yearsafterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,especiallyinthepast10andmoreyearsofthereformandopen-up,…thecityhasbeenwellknownas“thelandofgrain,wine,cigarette,andtextile”.
ComparativeStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguagesfromaMacroscopicView
TherearetencontrastsindicatingthedisparitybetweentheEnglishandtheChineselanguages
1.Syntheticvs.Analytic综合性语与分析性语
Englishisasyntheticlanguagemarkedwithinflexions（曲折变化形式，即单词的词尾因格、数、性、时等关系所起的变化，比如he-him,child-children,poet-poetess,have-has-had）,whileChineseisananalyticlanguagewithoutanyinflexion,whichisusuallyimpliedinthecontextorexplicitlyshowninsuchwordsas“着、了、过、的、地、得……”,etc.（汉语的事态、语态、语气多隐在句子、上下文中）
eg：
Thusencouraged,theymadeastillbolderplanforthenextyear.
由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。
1.Compactvs.Diffusive聚集与流散
Englishsentencesarecompact,namely,tightlycombinedwithconnectivesorprepositions,whileChineseisdiffused,thatis,looseinstructure.
Eg.AnotionhastakenholdintheUStotheeffectthattheonlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.
在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。
2.Hypotacticvs.Paratactic形合与意合
InEnglish,clausesorphrasesarecoordinatedwithoneanotherorsubordinatedtooneanothersyntacticallywhileinChinesetheyareplacedoneafteranotherwithoutcoordinatingconnectives.
Eg.
Thepresentonslaughtofvehiclesposesaseriousthreattourbanlifeandpedestrianpeaceofmind.
车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
3.Complexvs.Simplex繁复与简单
Englishsentencesarecomparativelylongandcomplex,whileChinesesentencesareshortandsimple.
Eg:
Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequalityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,or,moreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldsinwhichitistobeapplied.
人造材料通称为合成材料。
许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。
因此，合成材料在拟用的领域将具有极大的用途。
4.Impersonalvs.Personal物称与人称
英语喜欢用非人称主语，而汉语则常用人称主语。
Eg:
a.Whathashappenedtoyou?
你出了什么事儿啦？
b.Anideasuddenlystruckme.
我突然想到一个主意。
c.Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.
她在独处时感到一种特别的宁静。
d.Notasoundreachedourears.
我们没听到任何声音。
e.Agreatelationovercamethem.
他们欣喜若狂。
f.Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.
他开始变得惊恐万状。
g.FromthemomentwesteppedintothePeople’sRepublicofChina,careandkindnesssurroundedusoneveryside。
一踏上中华人民共和国的国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
h.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.
我兴奋得说不出话来。
因此，
英译汉时，应当尽可能考虑到将物称主语转换为人称主语；
汉译英时，则可考虑将人称主语转换为物称主语。
5.Passivevs.Active被动与主动
ThepassivevoiceisextensivelyusedinEnglish,whileChinesesentencesareusuallyactive.
Eg:
a.AfewyearsagoitwasthoughtunusualthatprogramscouldeverbecalledupbyviewerstobedisplayedontheirTVscreensathome.
几年前人们还认为观众打电话要求在家里的电视屏幕上播出自己点的节目是一种稀罕的事。
b.Thevolumeisnotmeasuredinsquaremillimeters.Itismeasuredincubicmillimeters.
体积不是以平方毫米计量的，而是以立方毫米计量的。
英语中被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其以科技英语为甚。
而汉语中的被动结构不常用。
因此在翻译英语被动语态时，应考虑将被动语态转换为主动结构。
6.Staticvs.Dynamic静态与动态
Englishisstatic,andagentnouns（施事者）arefrequentlyusedtoreplaceverbs,whileChineseisdynamic,usingmoreverbsinasinglesentence.
名词化是英语常见的现象。
在很多情况下，英语多用名词表示施事者以代替动词；而汉语多用动词，且常常重复、重叠。
a.Youmustbeaverybadlearner;orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.
你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。
b.Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulandindustriousinspectorthanhumanbeings.
计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。
c.Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain;Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.
说是说了，但没有结果；做是做了，但没有成功。
7.Abstractvs.Concrete抽象与具体
InexpressingthesameideaEnglishismoreabstractwhileChineseismoreconcrete.
Eg:
a.Theabsenceofintelligenceisanindicationofsatisfactorydevelopments.
没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。
8.Roundabout（Indirect）vs.Straightforward（Direct）间接与直接
SomeEnglishsentencestendtouseindirectwaysofaffirmationwhileChinesesentencesarestraightforward.
Eg:
a.Icouldn’tfeelbetter.
我觉得身体好极了。
b.Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.
我完全赞成你的看法。
c.Hecan’tseeyouquickenough.
他很想尽快和你见面。
d.Idon’tfeelthatweshouldleavethemisolated.
我认为，我们不应该让他们与世隔绝。
9.Substitutivevs.Repetitive替换与重复
Generallyspeaking,Englishdoesn’tusesomanyrepetitionsasChinesedoes.
英语遣词用字讲究替换而不喜欢重复同一个词语，而汉语却相反。
Eg:
a.Youshouldhelphersinceyouhavepromisedtodoso.
你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。
b.Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditinothers.
他讨厌失败。
他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
c.Menandnationsworkingapartcreatedtheseproblems;menandnationsworkingtogethermustsolvethem.
人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德，便产生这些问题；人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力，定能解决这些问题。
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