英国文学选读名词解释.docx

英国文学选读名词解释.docx

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英国文学选读名词解释

1.epic史诗

Anepicisalongoralnarrativepoemthatoperatesonagrandscaleanddealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance.Mostepicsdealwiththeexploitsofasingleindividualandalsointerlacethemainnarrativewithmyths,legends,folktalesandpastevents;thereisacompositeeffect,theentirecultureofacountrycoheringintheoverallexperienceofthepoem.Epicpoemsarenotmerelyentertainingstoriesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;theysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.

2.caesura停顿

abreakorpauseinalineofpoetry,dictatedbythenaturalrhythmofthelanguageandsometimesenforcedbypunctuation.InOldEnglishverse,suchasBeowulf,thecaesurawasusedrathermonotonouslytoindicatethehalfline.

3.alliteration头韵

therepetitionofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatareclosetoeachother.ItisafeatureofBeowulfandotherOldEnglishpoems.

4.alliterativeverse头韵诗

poetrywritteninalliteration.NearlyallOldEnglishverse,includingBeowulf,isheavilyalliterative,andthepatternisfairlystandard–witheithertwoorthreestressedsyllablesineachlinealliterating.

5.kenning隐喻语

ametaphorusuallycomposedoftwowordsandusedfordescriptionandassociation.Beowulfisfullofkennings,suchas“helmetbearer”for“warrior”and“swanroad”for“sea”.

6.protagonist主角

theprincipalcharacterofadramaorfiction.HamletistheprotagonistofWilliamShakespeare’sdramaHamlet.

7.antagonist反角

Indramaorfictiontheantagonistopposestheheroorprotagonist.InHamletClaudiusisantagonisttoHamlet.

8.romance传奇

atypeofliteraturethatwaspopularintheMiddleAges,usuallycontainingadventuresandreflectingthespiritofchivalry.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightwasagreatverseromance,butitsauthorremainsunknown.

9.bobandwheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱

arhymingsectionoffivelinesthatconcludesastanzainSirGawainandtheGreenKnight.The“bob”isaveryshortline,sometimesofonlytwosyllables,followedbythe“wheel”,longerlineswiththreestressesandinternalthyme.

10.poet’scorner诗人角

apartofWestminsterAbbey,London,whichcontainsthetombsormonumentsofsomefamousEnglishpoets,suchasGeoffreyChaucerandJohnMilton.

11.heroiccouplet英雄双韵体

Twosuccessivelinesofrhymedpoetryiniambicpentameter.GeoffreyChaucer’smasterpieceTheCanterburyTalewaswritteninheroiccouplet.

NamedfromitsusebyDrydenandothersintheheroicdramaofthelate17thcentury,theheroiccouplethadbeenestablishedmuchearlierbyChaucerasamajorEnglishverse-formfornarrativeandotherkindsofnon-dramaticportry:

itdominatedEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,notablyinthecoupletsofPope,beforedeclininginimportanceintheearly19thcentury.

12.balladmeter民谣体

traditionallyafour-linestanzacontainingalternatingfour-stressandthree-stresslines,usuallywitharefrainandtherhymeschemeofabcb.RobertBurns’“ARed,RedRose”isagreatloveballad.

13.refrain叠句，副歌

aphrase,lineorlinesrepeatedatintervalsduringapoemandespeciallyattheendofastanza.ItisveryoftenfoundinEnglishballads,suchasRobertBurns’“ARed,RedRose”.

14.EnglishRenaissance英国文艺复兴

theliteraryfloweringofEnglandinthelate16thcenturyandearly17thcentury,withhumanismasitskeynote.WilliamShakespeare’sHamletisconsideredthesummitofthisrenaissance.

Renaissance（文艺复兴）Theword“renaissance”meansrebirthorrevival.Itiscommonlyappliedtothemovementorperiodinwesterncivilization,whichmarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ItsprangupfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope,thedatedifferingfordifferentcountries.TheRenaissanceindicatesarevivalofclassical（GreekandRoman）artsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Thestudyandpropagationofclassicallearningandartwascarriedonbytheprogressivethinkersofthehumanists.Theyheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandhisbravefightfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.BecauseintheancientGreekandRomanmythologywerefoundtheideasofuniversallove,respecttohumanbeingsandapprovalofman’spower,abilityandknowledge.Andatthesametimeworldlyenjoymentontheearthwasaffirmed.Inshort,manbecamethecenteroftheworldinsteadofGodasupheldintheMiddleAges.TheRenaissanceMovementisagreatrevolutioncarriedoutinthefourteenthtothemid-seventeenthcenturyEurope.Itbrokethechainandbondageoffeudalandtheologicaltiesandbroughthumanwisdomandcapacityintofullplay.

15.Elizabethanliterature伊丽莎白时代的文学

literaturewrittenintheElizabethanAge（1558-1603）.WilliamShakespeare’sRomeoandJulietwasamasterpieceofthisperiod.

16.sonnet十四行诗

afixedformconsistingoffourteenlinesof5-footiambicverse.ItfirstflourishedinItalyinthe14thcentury.WilliamShakespearewasagreatEnglishsonnetwriterfamousforhis154sonnets.

17.iambicpentameter五步抑扬格

thebasiclineinEnglishverse,withfivefeetinaline,usuallyanunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedsyllable.ItwasprobablyintroducedbyGeoffreyChaucerandcertainlyestablishedbyhiminTheCanterburyTales.

18.meter格律

thepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinverse.InEnglishversealinemayhaveafixednumberofsyllablesandyethaveavaryingnumberofstresses;thecommonestmeterisiambic.WilliamShakespeare’ssonnetsarewritteniniambic.

19.foot音步

agroupofsyllablesformingametricalunit.Wemeasurefeetintermsofsyllablevariation:

longandshortsyllables,stressedandunstressed.ThecommonestfootinEnglishverseisiamb;thecommonestlineisfive-footline,calledpentameter.WilliamShakespeare’s“Sonnet18”containsfourteeniambicpentameterlines.

20.rhymescheme押韵格式

thepatternofend-thymesinastanzaorpoem,generallydescribedbyusinglettersofthealphabettodenotetherecurrenceofrhyminglines.Forexample,heroiccoupletsare“aabbcc”andsoon.

21.quatrain四行诗节

astanzaoffourlines,rhymedorunrhymed.ItisthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEnglishpoetry.RobertBurns’“ARed,RedRose”hasfourquatrains.

22.image意象

aconcreterepresentationofanobjectorsensoryexperience.Typically,sucharepresentationhelpsevokethefeelingsassociatedwiththeobjectorexperienceitself.Manyimagesareconveyedbyfigurativelanguage.Animagemaybevisual,olfactory,tactile,auditory,gustatory,abstractandkinaesthetic.TheroseinRobertBurns’poem“ARed,RedRose”isabeautifulimage.

23.poeticlicense诗的破格

thelibertyallowedtothepoettowrestthelanguageaccordingtohisneedsintheuseoffigurativespeech,archaism,rhyme,strangesyntax,etc.Anexampleisthelastsentenceof“ARed,RedRose”byRobertBurns–“Tho’itweretenthousandmile!

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24.versedrama诗剧

dramawrittenintheformofverse.ItwasmostwidelyusedintheElizabethanAge.WilliamShakespeare’sdramasareallversedramas,Hamletbeingthemostfamous.

25.blankverse无韵诗，素体诗

unrhymediambicpentameter,themostwidelyusedofEnglishverseformsandusuallyusedinEnglishdramaticandepicpoetry.WilliamShakespeare’splayHamletiswritteninblankverse.

26.GlobeTheatre环球剧场

Oneofthemostfamousofalltheatres,itwasbuiltin1599,withthreestories.Theroofwasthatched,withthecentreopentothesky.ManyofWilliamShakespeare’splayswereperformedinit.Itwasdestroyedbyfirein1613,rebuiltthenextyearandfinallydemolishedin1644.Againitwasrebuiltin1997.

27.essay散文

acomposition,usuallyinprose,whichmaybeofonlyafewhundredwordsorofbooklengthandwhichdiscusses,formallyorinformally,atopicoravarietyoftopics.Itisoneofthemostflexibleandadaptableofallliteraryforms.FrancisBaconisagreatessayist;his“OfStudies”isamodelofgoodessay.

28.EnglishRomanticism英国浪漫主义

aliterarymovementthataimedatfreeexpressionofthewriter’sideasandfeelingsandflourishedintheearly19thcenturyEngland.AgreatrepresentativeofthismovementisPercyByssheShelley,theauthorof“OdetotheWestWind”.

29.lakepoets湖畔诗人

are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey. 

30.poetlaureate桂冠诗人

Apoethonoredforhisartisticachievementorselectedasmostrepresentativeofhiscountryorera;inEngland,acourtofficialappointedbythesovereign,whoseoriginaldutiesincludedthecompositionofodesinhonorofthesovereign’sbirthdayandincelebrationofstateoccasionsofimportance.WilliamWordsworthbecamepoetlaureatein1843.

31.Humanism（人文主义）Broadly,thistermsuggestsanyattitudewhichtendstoexaltthehumanelementorstresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural,divineelements---orasopposedtothegrosser,animalelements.Inamorespecificsense,humanismsuggestsadevotiontothosestudiessupposedtopromotehumanculturemosteffectively----inparticular,thosedealingwiththelife,thought,language,andliteratureofancientGreeceandRome.Itproclaimedthatmanisthemostimportantnoblecreatureintheworld;thegoaloflifeistoenjoyoneselfinthispresentworldinsteadofafterlife.Accordingtothehumanists;bothmanandworldarehinderedbyexter