英语专业词汇学复习.docx

英语专业词汇学复习.docx

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英语专业词汇学复习

1.Whatislexicology?

Lexico-（语素,meaning‘word’）

Lexicon（词典,字典）

Lexical（（词的,词汇的）

Lexicography（（词典编纂）

Sociology（社会学）

Psychology（心理学）

Lexicologyisthestudyofthestructure,usage,originsandmeaningsofwords.

EnglishlexicologystudiesEnglishwordsindifferentaspectsandfromdifferentangles.

Withoutgrammarwecanexpresslittle;Withoutwordswecanexpressnothing.

2.Define“word”

Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;Asoundunity;Aunitofmeaning;Aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

3.OriginofEnglishWords

Nativewords本族词

Borrowedwords/loanwords外来词

Latin，Scandinavian，French，Greek，Spanish,German,Portuguese,Dutch,Arabic,Chinese,Hebrew,Persian,Japanese,Indonesian,Russian

Nativewords:

Anglo-Saxonwords

Bodyparts—hand,foot,arm,eye,bone

Nature—land,field,earth,hill,sun,moon

Time—month,year,day

Animalsandplants—horse,sheep,dog,lamb,oak,elm,beech

Adjectives—black,high,wide,long,small

Verbs—drive,ride,shine,choose,fly,see

Auxiliaries—shall,may,will,do,be

BorrowedwordsP.9

Theboykeptinterruptingthegovernmentman.

NativewordsonP.5

Whatfeaturesdothesewordshave?

FormthebasicstockofEnglishlanguagemostfrequentlyused，Denotethecommonestthingsnecessaryforlife，Acquiredearliestbychildren，Denotethemostbasicthingsinlanguage

Borrowing

cake,knife,crop,ill,husband,Danish

coolie,litchi,dimsum,typhoon,kaolin,loquat,bureau,honor,literature,courtFrench

saunaFinnish

hamburger,blitz,zincGerman

macaroni,sonata,spaghettiItalian

sultan,roc,harem,sheik,yashmakArabic

czar,commissar,intelligentsiaRussian

geometry,gymnastics,tragedy,mythGreek

genius,memorandum,formulaLatin

kimono,judo,Japanese

Reviewquestions

（1）._____studiesthestructure,meanings,originsandusageofwords.

A.WordformationB.LexicologyC.Morphology

（2）.Thereisalogicalconnectionbetweenthesoundandmeaningofwords.Thisisa____view.

A.naturalistB.conventionalistC.objective

（3）.____isaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

A.affixB.phraseC.word

4.Morphemene

onemorphemenation

twomorphemesnation+al

threemorphemesinter+nation+al

fourmorphemesinter+nation+al+ist

5.Wordformation:

affixation词缀法

Affix词缀（aformthatisattachedtoamorphemetomodifymeaningorfunction）prefix前缀,suffix后缀）

root词根（thebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.）

6.WordandVocabulary

ThegeneralestimateofEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwords.

JohnhasagoodknowledgeofMiddleEnglishvocabulary.

ThevocabularyofBlackEnglishprovedtoodifficultforme.

Thefive-year-oldchildhasacquiredavocabularyofover2000words.

Thisarticlegivesagoodintroductionofspecializedvocabularyofnuclearphysics.

Vocabulary

Thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.

Allthewordsusedinaparticularperiod.

Allthewordsofagivendialect.

Allthewordspossessedbyaperson.

Allthewordsofagivendiscipline.

BasicWordStockandNonbasicVocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇（Thecommoncoreofthelanguage.）

Rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,spring,summer,wind,hill;

Head,foot,hand,face,father,mother,son

Apple,tree,horse,cow,cat,dog,sheep

Come,go,eat,beat,carry,old,young

One,ten,hundred,I,you,who,but,as,till

CharacteristicsofBasicWordStock

Allnationalcharacter全民性，Stability稳定性，Productivity能产性，Polysemy多义性

Dothesebelongtobasicwordstock?

（1）Doyouknowwhatsubjectmatterjurisdictionis?

（subjectmatterjurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权）

（2）DuetoHabeasCorpus,youandMissFontanahadacommonlawmarriage,whichentitleshertowhatislegallyreferredtoasequitabledivisionoftheassets.（DuetoHabeasCorpus人身保护法,commonlawmarriage习惯法婚姻,同居婚姻,equitabledivisionoftheassets资产平均分配）

（3）Duetothefactthatyouretainedtheresidence,MissFontanaisentitledtofullcaninepropertyownership.We’llenforcethatownershiprightnow.

NonbasicVocabulary非基本词汇

Photoscanning,indigestion,algebra

Terminology术语（technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas）

Hypo,buster,bargainingchips

Jargon行话（specializedwordsusedbymembersofparticularartssciences,tradesandprofessionsamongthemselves）

Dough（money）,pot（drug）slang俚语（sub-standardwords）

Can-opener（all-purposekey）,dip（pickpocket）argot黑话（jargonofcriminals）

Reviewquestions

（1）Theword‘limitless’containstwo_____.

A.affixesB.rootsC.morphemes

（2）Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A.Awordisthesmallestformoflanguage

B.Awordisasoundunity.

C.Awordhasagivenmeaning.

D.Awordcanbeusedfreelyinasentence.

（3）Accordingtosemanticists,awordisaunitof______.

A.soundsB.meaningC.formD.function

（4）Awordisa_____thatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.

A.symbolB.systemC.structureD.pattern

（5）Howmanymorphemesdoesthiswordhave?

Whatkindofmorpheme?

•misleadingly

7.Affixation词缀法

Prefixation前缀法

Negativeprefixes表示否定意义的前缀

Prefixesofdegreeorsize（extra,hyper,mini,）表示程度、大小等意义的前缀

Prefixesoforientationandattitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀（pro,anti）

Locativeprefixes表示方位意义的前缀（intra,inter,tele,sub）

Prefixesoftimeandorder表示时间和顺序意义的前缀（ex,fore,post,pre）

Numberprefixes表示数字的前缀（mono,bi,tri,penta,）

Miscillaneousprefixes其他意义的前缀（eco,auto,neo）

Class-changingprefixes改变词性的前缀（a,en,un,de）

Suffixation后缀法

Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestoroots.

Theprimaryfunctionofsuffixesistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofroots.

Reviewquestions

（1）Turnthefollowingintoverbswith-en,-ify,-ize

（Horror,modern,Memory,apology,False,sterile,Length,intense,Beauty,fatSympathy,memory）

He____forinterruptingher.

Shetriedto____herroomwithpostersandplants.

Astudyhasbeenorderedintothefeasibilityof_____theairport’smainrunwayby200m.

Howevermuchthey_____withher,theyallfeltitwasherfault.

Soyaisexcellentfoodto___cattle.

Over$40000hadbeenspenton_____thestation.

_____thebottlesbyimmersingtheminboilingwaterfor15minutes.

Ifyouareemployedbyacompany,you’reoneofits_____.

Apoliticianissomeonewhosejobispolitics.

The_____inadiscussionarethepeoplewhoparticipateinit.

Awomanwhoworksasa______doesthesamejobasawaiter.

A____issomeonewhoearnstheirlivingbyplayingthepiano.

Ifsomeoneexaminesyou,youarethe____andhe/sheisthe_____.

8.Conversion转类法

#Nounattribute

•Economymeasure节约措施economicmeasure经济措施

•Bankruptcylawyer处理破产诉讼的律师bankruptbusinessman破了产的商人

•Riotpolice防暴警察riotouspolice闹事的警察

•Dangerzone危险区

•Depthcharge深水炸弹

•Adepartmentdecision部门作出的决定

•Impulsebuying凭一时的冲动买东西

Bankruptcylawyer

#Nountoverb,verbtonoun

Thenewspapersheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.

Hewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.

Thisfilmisaremake.

#Adjectivetonoun

–Partialconversion

Thesebooksareintendedforthedeafandmute.

Itishighlyimportanttodistinguishbetweenthefalseandthetrue

–Completeconversion

Manyclassicsarenowavailableinbookstores.

Thepolicearenetting25illegalsadayinChicago

Theyneededtogettherewithinthreedays.Noifsandbutswereaccepted.SoTomgottheplansandhelicopteredtothehostcity,whileDavidgotvisaedupinBerlinandwenttherebyAirFrance.Attheairportshop,hewasattractedbysomecelebrityashtraysandboughtoneofthem.

Wecan’tstomachsuchainsult.

RobertAchesonroomedrightnexttome.

Hewolfeddownhislunch.

I’moneofhisfamiliars.

Poorinnocents!

Theengineersahedandouchedatthenewmachines.

HeHamletedthechanceandthenregrettedforit.

Theseshoeswereanexcellentbuy.

Theyliftedtheriflesandhithiminthesmalloftheback.

9.WordFormation:

Composition/Compounding

•Aprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoormoreindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.

Cruisemissile巡航导弹Laserbomb激光炸弹Fox-bat狐蝠式战斗机（米格-25）

Well-balanced平衡了的Dog-eat-dog狗咬狗的Cross-question盘问

Compoundnoun

PoorhouseidentitycrisisRainbowfox-batpickpocketInpatient

Compoundadjective

Bittersweetlifelongfeelgoodinborn

One-man（concert）Around-the-moon（flight）

Be-kind-to-animal（campaign）The-end-justifies-the-means（philosophy）

One-family-one-childfamilyplanning（policy）

No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street（situation）

Compoundverb

breast-feedsleepwalkUndertakewhitewashBadmouth

10.ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

HistoricalReviewofEnglishVocabulary

FirstlanguageusedinBritain:

Celtic

TheRomanLegions（古罗马军团）:

Latin（55-54BC）

Germanictribes:

Anglo-Saxon（450）

ThreeperiodsoftheEnglishLanguage

OldEnglish（450AD—1150AD）whenthefirstGermanictribesbegantosettleinEngland.

•Anglo-Saxon—theGermanictribes

•Latin–introductionofChristianityattheendofthe6thcentury.

•Scandinavian–NorwegianandDanishvikings

•5000-6000words;highlyinflected

MiddleEnglish（1150—1500）duringtheNormanConquest.

•FrenchinfluenceNormanConquest1066

•9000FrenchwordscontinuallyflowedintoEnglish

•DutchwordsenteredEnglishwiththetraderelation.

•Englishregainedpositionofimportance

–WyclifftranslationoftheBible（威克利夫）

–WritingsofChaucerandLangland（乔叟、朗兰）

–Englishgraduallycamebacktoschools

ModernEnglish（1450—）

•EarlyModernEnglish（1500-1700）早期现代英语

•LateModernEnglish（1700-uptonow）后期现代英语

EarlyModernEnglish（1500-1700）早期现代英语

•TheRenaissance文艺复兴—anewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics

•1500-1700–over10,000