最新英语语言学复习总结.docx

最新英语语言学复习总结.docx

《最新英语语言学复习总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新英语语言学复习总结.docx（27页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

最新英语语言学复习总结

1、Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

Itisascientificstudiesbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypotheses,thusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.

Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.

2、Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）

（1）Arbitrariness

----Nological（motivatedorintrinsic）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

 -----Nonaturalandinevitablelinkbetweenthesoundandthemeaning

Exception:

OnomatopoeicwordsandSomecompoundwords.

（2）Productivity/creativity

Wecanspeakanendlessnumberofsentenceswithalimitedvocabularyandonesentencecanexpandintoendlesstheoreticallypossiblesentencesinthewayofrecurring

Exception:

andbeedancingisusedonlytoindicatefoodsources,whichistheonlykindofmessagethatcanbesentthroughthedancing.

（3）Duality

▪Lowerlevel----sounds（meaningless）

▪Higherlevel----meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）

Exception:

thegroupingofthethreesounds/k/,/a:

/,and/p/canmeaneitherakindoffish（crap）,orapublicplaceforrestandamusement（park）.

（4）Displacement

Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

Exception:

Yesterdaywhichbookdidyouread?

（5）Culturaltransmission

LanguagecantransmitCulturewhichthelanguagecontains.

Exception；anEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.

3、wordformation

（1）Compound

Itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform. icecream,sunrise,paperbag

（2） Derivation

Itreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.

Unconscious,national,nationalize

（3）Blending

Itreferstotheformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

Smoke+fog=smog烟雾

（4）Abbreviation

1）cuttingthefinalpart（orwithaslightvariation） advertisement-----ad

2）cuttingtheinitialpart   aeroplane-----plane

3）cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly  refrigerator----fridge

（5）Acronym（I）

Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.WB:

WorldBank

Acronym（II）

Thisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technologyandotherspecialfields.VAT:

valueaddedtax增殖税

（6）Back-formation

Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage

Editor------edit

（7）Borrowing

Latin:

cancer,page,i.e.（thatis）e.g.（forexample）etc.（etcetera）

Chinese:

taji,chowmein,kung-fu

Japanese:

Judo

French,German,Italian,Spanish

（8）Invention

Sinceeconomicactivitiesarethemostimportantanddynamicinhumanlife,manynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnamessuchasKodak,Coke,nylon,andotherstocopewiththeInventionofnewentities.

4.XPrule

1.XPrule:

specifier+head+complement

2.XPrule:

（Specifier）X’

X’àX（complement）

3.XPrule:

（Specifier）X（Complement*）

4.XPrule:

（Spec）（Mod）X（Complement*）（Mod）

Complement:

（ingrammar）thatpartofthesentencewhichfollowstheverbandwhichthuscompletesthesentence.

Features:

Ø     oneormorecomplementsarepermitted

Ø     （eg.Astoryaboutasentimentalgirlwithpurpleumbrella…）

Ø     wordsthatcantakeCParenotverbsalone.As,NsandPscanalltakeCP

Ø     （e.g.takeit;poorasachuchmouse;themanwithhat;rightnearthefireplace）

Ø     Acertainlexicalitemrequiresacertaintypeofcomplement.

Ø     （e.g.cometoschool;gotobed;lookthroughit）

Modifier:

isusedtospecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.

ModifierpositioninEnglish

Modifier

Position

example

AP

Precedesthehead

averycarefulgirl

PP

Followsthehead

openwithcare

AdvP

Precedesorfollowsthehead

readcarefully;carefullyread

5.请从Behaviorism的角度来举例说明其意义：

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.”

S__TangWanyi_____r--------s______Vicky______R

WhenTangWanyiseesanappleandwantstohaveit,shehasaphysicalstimulus,（representedbythecapitalletters）,whichgivesrisetoaverbalresponse（r）toVicky.Forinstance,shemightsaytoVicky”I’mthirsty”.WhatshesaysresultsinaverbalstimulustoVicky（representedbythesmallletterS）.Thisstimulus,initsturn,leadstoanon-verbalresponsefromVicky,suchaspickingtheappleforher.

6.synonymy（同义现象）

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms

1）Dialectalsynonyms----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects（地区方言）

autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline地方

2）Stylisticsynonyms----synonymsdifferinginstyle,（文体风格上不同）

  kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;

 3）Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning（examplesinMandarin）（情感上和评价判断上的不同）

合作者/同谋；结果/下场；鼓励/…；领袖/…；赞扬/…团结

4）Collocationalsynonyms（搭配意义上的不同）

Agroupofpeople;aherdofwolves;aswarmofbees

5）Semanticallydifferentsynonyms（语义不同）

surprise/astonish;finish/complete

7、locutionaryact,illocutionaryact，perlocutionaryact

Forexample,“Itiscoldinhere.”

Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaning“theweatherisclodinhere”;

Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearer“toshutthewindow”;

Itsperlocutionaryactistheeffectbroughtabout;itcanbe“thehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest”.

（作业本）

Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen

①   thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords”you”,”have”,”door”,”open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean

②   theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking.i.e.askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.

③   Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffect（result）oftheutterance.Itcanbe“thehearerclosethedoororrefusetocomplywiththerequest.

8、FourmaximsofCP（I）

Themaximofquality

----Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

----Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

Themaximofquantity

----Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange.

----Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

Themaximofrelation

----Berelevant（makeyourcontributionrelevant）.

Themaximofmanner

----Avoidobscurityofexpression.

----Avoidambiguity.

----Bebrief.

----Beorderly.

（先判断在分析，先判断是不是relation从literalmeaning是不是同一个主题）

Conversationalimplicature会话含义，言外之意；会话含意

Inrealcommunication,however,speakersdonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.Thesemaximscanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Whenanyofthemaximsisviolated,i.e.boththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation,ourlanguagebecomesindirect,thenconversationalimplicaturearises.

填空，definition 判断  选择

Phonetics:

thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtoestablishmentofphonetics

Phonology:

howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.

Morphology:

isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaningmorphemesandword-formationprocesses

Syntax:

thestudyofhowwordcombinetoformsentencesandtheruleswhichgoverntheformationofsentences.

Semantics:

itexamineshowmeaningisencodedinlanguage.Itisconcernedwith1）meaningsofthewords.2）levelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit

Pragmatics:

thestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationinwhichtheyareused.

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch

Psycholinguistics:

relatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenweuselanguage,how….,how…

Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学

----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”

--------speaking

Acousticphonetics声学语音学；

----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.

-------sounding

Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学

----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”

--------listening

Classificationofconsonants

----Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions: