普通语言学离线作业答案.docx

普通语言学离线作业答案.docx

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普通语言学离线作业答案

浙江大学远程教育学院

《普通语言学》课程作业答案

AnswerstoExercises

（1）

I.Directions:

Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethe

lettergiven.

1.synchronic

2.allophones

3.derivational

4.transformational

5.synonyms

6.perlocutionary_

7.Conqueror

8.speech

9.utterance

10.root

IIDirections:

Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.

11.T

12.F.

13.F.

14.T

15.F.Thesetwolinguisticformsdifferinsensebutasamatteroffact,theyrefertothesamestar.

16.F.Themeaningofasentenceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.

17.T

18.T

19.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthe

twoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.

20.T

III.Directions:

Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

21.Arbitrarinessisoneofthedesi&1featureswhichdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample,differentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesameobject.

22.Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itisconcernedwithallthespeech,soundsusedinallhumanlanguages.

23.Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

24.Themaximofquality,oneofthefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple,requirestheparticipantsnottosaywhattheybelievetobefalseandnottosaythatforwhichtheylackadequateevidencewhenmakingconversation.

25.Synchroniclinguisticsreferstothestudyofvariationinlanguageindifferentplaces_damongdifferentgroupsatagivenpointintime.

26.Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguagecoexistinaspeech

community,eachwithadistinctmangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.

27.TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisisatheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.

IV.Directions:

Answerthefollowingquestions.

28.

Sentencemeaningreferstoasentenceandisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceis

oftenstudiedastheabstrac,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.

Utterancemeaningreferstoasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.It

becomesanutteranceanditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyutteredorused.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning.Sentencemeaningisconcreteandcontext-dependentandutterancemeaningisabstractandde-contextualized.

Forexample:

thedogisbarking;mybagisheavy.

Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwearetreatingitasasentence.

Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.

Mostutterancesarecompletesentencesintermsofsyntax,someutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenbe

restoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!

”“Hi!

”and“Ouch!

”areallutterances,which

meaningincommunication.If“Goodmorning!

”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning,”wedon

formwhichcompletesentences“Hi!

”“Ouch!

"havebeenderived.

AnswerstoExercise

（2）

I.Directions:

Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.

1.Phonology'2.allophone3.Bound4.syntax5.situational

6.Utterance7.sense8.idiolect9.affixes10.Morphology

IIDirections:

Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthe'bracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.

11.F.Modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.

12.T

13.T

14.T

15.T

16.F.Pragmaticsanalysesutterancesincloseconnectionwiththeircontextsofsituation.

17.F.Alllivinglanguageschangewithtime.Alanguage,likeLatinwhichisnolongerspokenbythegeneralpublicofasociety,doesnotchange.'

18.F.Inviewoflanguageasaneffectivemeansofcommunication,nosingledialect,beitstandardornonstandard,isanymorecorrect,anymorelogical,oranypurerthananyotherdialectofthelanguage.Alldialectsofalanguageareequallyeffectiveinexpressingideas.

19.F.Itisthelefthemispherethathas"directed"thataction.

20.F.Becausesyntacticmovementdoesnotoccurtoallsentences,theD-structureandSstructureofsomesentenceslookexactlythesameatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.

III.Directions:

Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

21.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Itreferstothataspectoflanguagewhichmakesitpossibleforitsuserstoconstructandinterpretaninfinitenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

22.Voicelessinphoneticsreferstothesoundsproducedwhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideaparttoletairgothroughthemwithoutcausingvibration.

23.Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

24.UniversalGrammarorUGwasatheoryproposedanddevelopedbyNoamChomskyandothergenerativelinguistssincethe-early1980's.Alsoknownastheprinciple-and-parameterstheory,UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsomegeneralprinciplesandParametersaboutnaturallanguages.

25.Polysemyreferstothelexicalphenomenonthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

26.Illocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.Forexample,intheutterance"Youhaveleftthe'doorwideopen",theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristoasksomeonetoclosethedoor.

27.Aspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity,andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Aspeechcommunitycanbeassmallasafamilyoraslargeasanation.

IV.Directions:

Answerthefollowingquestions.

28.

Similarities:

bothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandthe

actualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.

Differences:

Chomsky

scomp

e-ptenr

fcoermancedistinctionisnotexactlythesameas,thoughsimilarto,F.de.

Saussure'slang-puaeroledistinction.Langueisasocialproduct,andasetofconventionsforacommunity,whilecompetenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalorsociolinguisticspointofviewthanN.Chomskysincethelatterdealswithhisissuerspsychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.

AnswerstoExercise（3）

I.Directions:

Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.

1.descriptive-2.distinctive3.Morphology4.principles5.sense

6.Pragmatics7.affixes

8.regional

9.sentence

10.hierarchical

II.Directions:

Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.

11.T

12.T

13.F.Arootispartofaword,whichisnotafreemorphemebutaboundmorpheme.Itcanneverbeusedindependently.

14.F.Becausesyntacticmovementdoesnotoccurtoallsentences,theD-structureandSstructureofsomesentenceslookexactlythesameatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.

15.F."Symbol"inthiscontextreferstothelinguisticelementslikewordsorphrases.

16.T

17.T

18.T

19.T."

20.F.MajorsyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNP,VP,andPP,andword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatserveasheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandV.

III.Directions:

Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

21.Duality,oneofthedesignfeatureswhichdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,referstothetwosetsofstructuresorthetwolevelsofthesystemoflanguage.Oneisastructureofmeaninglesssoundsatthelowerorbasiclevelandtheotheristheunitsofmeaningatthehigherlevel.

22.Phonologyisabranchoflearningconcernedwiththesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguagefrompatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

23.Freemorphemesarethosecontainingonlyonemorpheme,whichareindependentUnitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.

24.TheX-bartheoryisawidelyrecognizedandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasestructurerulesintoasingleformat:

X"-+（spec）X（Compl）.

25.Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarity