loveisafallacy课后习题答案.docx

loveisafallacy课后习题答案.docx

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loveisafallacy课后习题答案

love-is-a-fallacy课后习题答案

Ⅰ．Ruskin：

JohnRuskin（1819—1900），Englishcriticandsocialtheorist，wasthevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcentury.RuskinattendedOxfordfrom1836to1840andwontheNewdigatePrizeforpoetry.In1843appearedthefirstvolumeofModernPainters.Thisworkelaboratestheprinciplesthatartisbasedonnationalandindividualintegrityandmoralityandalsothatartisa"universallanguage".TheSevenLampsofArchitectureappliedthesesametheoriestoarchitecture.About1857,Ruskin’sartcriticismbecamemorebroadlysocialandpolitical.InhisworksheattackedbourgeoisEnglandandchargedthatmodernartreflectedtheuglinessandwasteofmodernindustry.RuskinrspositiveprogramforsocialreformappearedinSesameandLilies（1865）,TheCrownofWildOlive（1866）,TimeandTide（1867）,andForsClavigera（8vols.,1871--1884）.Manyofhissuggestedprograms--oldagepensions,nationalizationofeducation,organizationoflabor--havebecomeaccepteddoctrine.

Ⅱ.1.Thewriterhumorouslyuseswordslike"limp","flaccid"and"spongy"todescribehisessay.Nationallyhedoesn'tbelievehisessaytobebad,orelsehewouldnothavewrittennorwouldithavebeenpublished.MaxShulmaniswell-knownforhishumor.

2.Thepurposeofthisessay,accordingtothewriter,istodemonstratethatlogic,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject,isaliving,breathing:

thing,fullofbeauty,passion,andtrauma.Logicmaybeaninterestingsubject,butitisdefinitelynotaliving,breathing,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma.Thewriterisexaggeratingforthesakeofhumor.

3.ThenarratorconsidersPeteyBurchdumbasanoxbecausehethinksPeteytobeunintelligent,anemotionalandimpressionabletypeofperson.However,Peteyrsworstfaultisthatheisafaddist,heissweptupineverynewcrazethatcomesalong.

4.HedecidedtoteachPollyEspylogicbecausehewantednotonlyabeautifulwifebutalsoanintelligentone.Thenarratorwantedawifewhowouldhelptofurtherhiscareerasalawyer.HefoundPollyhadallthenecessaryqualitiesexceptintelligence.Thishedecidedtoremedybyteachingherlogic.HesucceededonlytoowellforintheendPollyrefusedtogosteadywithhimandemployedallthe"logicalfallacies"shehadbeentaughttorejecthisoffer.

5.

（1）Thefallacyofaccidentiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstances（"accident"）makestheruleinapplicable.Thisisthe"DictoSimpliciter"fallacyinthetext.

（2）Theconversefallacyofaccidentarguesimproperlyfromaspecialcasetoageneralrule.Thefactthatacertaindrugisbeneficialtosomesickpersonsdoesnotimplythatitisbeneficialtoallmen.Thisisthefallacyof"HastyGeneralization"inthetext.

（3）Thefallacyofirrelevantconclusioniscommittedwhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisatissueinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionarepresentedbytheso-calledfallaciesofrelevance.Theseinclude:

（a）theargu-ment"AdHominem"（speaking"againsttheman"ratherthantotheissue,orthefallacyof*'PoisoningtheWell"mentionedinthetext）inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis,insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse;（b）theargument"AdMiserieordiam"（anappealto"pity"）,aswhenatriallawyer,ratherthanarguingforhisclient'sinnocence,triestomovethejurytosympathyforhim.（4）Thefallacyofcircularargumentor"beggingthequestion"occurswhenthepremisespresume,openlyorcovertly,theveryconclusionthatistobedemonstrated（example:

"Gregoryalwaysvoteswisely.""Buthowdoyouknow?

BecausehealwaysvotesLibertarian."）.（5）Thefallacyoffalsecausemislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.Themostcommonversionofthisfallacy,called"posthoc,ergopropterhoc",mistakestemporalsequenceforcausalconnection--aswhenamisfortuneisattributedtoa"malignevent",likethedroppingofamirror.（6）Thefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsindemandingorgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbedivided（example:

"Doyoulikethetwins?

""Neitheryesnorno;butAnnyesandMaryno."）orrefusedaltogether,becauseamistakenpresuppositionisinvolved（example-"Haveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife?

"）.（7）Thefallacyof"nonSequitur"（"itdoesnotfollow"）,stillmoredrasticthanthepreceding,occurswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplau-sibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethereisavirtuallycompletelackofconnectionbetweenthegivenpremisesandtheconclusiondrawnfromthem.

Ⅲ.1.Thetitleofthestoryishumorousandwellchosen.Ithastwomeanings.When"fallacy"istakeninitsordinarysense,thetitlemeans:

"Thereisadeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove."Whenitistakenasaspecificterminlogic,thetitlemeans."Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises."

2.Yes,Ican.Thewholestoryissatirizingasmug,self-conceitedfreshmaninalawschool.Thefreshmanismadethenarratorofthestorywhogoesonsmuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimselfateverychancehecouldget.Fromtheverybeginninginparagraph4,hebeginstohelponhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraisehecanthink:

cool,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.AtthesametimethenarratortakeseveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBureh.Forexample,hecallshim"dumb","nothingupstairs","'unstable","impressionable"and"'afaddist".AndasforPollyEspy,sheis"abeautifuldumbgirl",whowouldsmartenupunderhisguidance.

3.Thepurposeofthisessayistodemonstratethatlogic,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject,isaliving,breathingthing,fullofbeauty,passion,andtrauma.Logicmaybeaninterestingsubject.Thewriterisexaggeratingforthesakeofhumor.Thewriteremploysawholevarietyofwritingtechniquestomakehisstoryvivid,dramaticandcolorful.ThelexicalspectrumiscolorfulfromtheultralearnedtermsusedbytheconceitednarratortotheinfraclippedvulgarformsofPollyEspy.Heusesfigurativelanguageprofuselyandalsogrammaticinversionforspecialemphasis.Thespeedofthenarrationismaintainedbytheuseofshortsentences,ellip-ticalsentencesanddashesthroughoutthestory.Thismixaddstotherealismofthestory,

4.ThewriterdeliberatelymakesPollyEspyusealotofexclamatorywordslike"Gee,""Oo","'wow-dow"andclippedvulgarformslike"delish","marvy","sesaysh",etc.tocreatetheimpressionofasimpleandratherstupidgirl.Thiscontrastsstronglywiththeboastingofthenarratorandthushelpstoincreasetheforceofsatireandirony.

5.ThenarratordoessuchafinalattempttomakePollyforgetthefallacieshehastaughther.HemayyetbeabletoconvincePollythathelovesherandthatsheshouldgosteady118withhim.

6.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph50isthesecondsentence--"Hewasatornman."Thewriterdevelopstheparagraphbydescribingthebehaviorofthetornman.Inotherwords,heusesillustrativeexamplestodevelopthethemestatedinhistopicsentence.

7.BecausehebeggedPolly'slove,whichwasrefused.HemightgetthesameresultasFrankenstein,whocreatedamonsterthatdestroyedhim,notasPygmalion,whowaslovedbyhisownstatueofGalatea.

8.TheconclusionisironicbecausethewholethingbackfiresonthenarratorwhenPollyrefutesallhisargumentsaslogicalfallaciesbeforefinallyrejectinghim.Theendofthestoryfindsthatthenarratorhasgotwhathedeserves.Hehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood.

IV.1.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralizationor"adictosimpliciteraddictumsecundumquid".

2.ThefallacyofHastyGeneralization.

3.Thefallacyof"posthoe,ergopropterhoc".

4.ThefallacyofHypothesisContrarytoFact.

5.Thefallacyof"posthoc,ergopropterhoe".

6.ThefallacyofAdMisericordiam.

7.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralization.

8.ThefallacyofHaMyGeneralization.

V.Seethetranslationofthetext.

Vl.1.discipline:

abranchofknowledgeorlearning

2.dynamo:

anearlierformforgenerator,amachinethatconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy

3.flight:

fleeingorrunningawayfrom

4.Charleston:

alivelydancein4/4time,characterizedbyatwistingstepandpopularduringthe1920's

5.shed:

castofforlosehair

6．intheswim：

conformingtothecurrentfashions。

oractiveinthemaincurrentofaffairs

7?

practice：

theexerciseofaprofessionofoccupation

8?

pin—up：

（Americancolloquialism）designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls

9?

makings：

thematerialorqualitiesneededforthemakingordevelopmentofsomething-

10?

carriage：

mannerofcarryingtheheadandbody：

physicalposturebearing：

wayofcarryingoneself：

manner

11．gosteady：

（Americancolloquialism）datesomeoneoftheoppositesexregularlyandexclusively：

besweethearts

12．deposit：

（facetious）put，layorsetdown

l3．brief：

aconcisestatementofthemainpointsofalawcase。

usuallyfiledbycounselfortheinformationofthecourt

14．1et—up：

stopping；relaxing

Ⅶ．1．fashion和fad均为名词。

fashion主要指某人，尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。

fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。

2?

incredulous和incredible均为形容词。

incredulous是“不轻易相信的”、“表示怀疑的”的意思，指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。

incredible是“不可相信的”意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示怀疑或不可相信。

3?

passion和eagerness均为名词。

passi‘on指一种强烈的愿望或感情，这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者必然的结果。

eagerness意即“渴望”或“热情”，但往往含有不耐烦的意味。

4．feeling和emotion均是名词。

feeling在没有上下文限制的时候，往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。

emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。

5．reveal和show均为动词。

reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西，好像是揭开一