生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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生物医学工程医疗仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译

Presentstatusandproblemsofdomesticmedicalinstrumentengineering.BiomedicalEngineehng

Inrecentyearsconsiderableprogresshasbeenachievedindomesticmedicalinstrumentengineering.Manyplantsandscientific-researchorganizationsofmachine-makingandthedefenseindustryhavechangedtheirprofiletowardproductionofmedicalequipment.

However,medicalequipmentoftenmeetsareluctantmarketbecauseoffundingcutsinhealthservices.Medicalorganizationsoftencannotsatisfyeventheirbasicrequirementsfordiagnosticandtherapeuticdevices.

Also,healthserviceorganizationstendtobuyforeignratherthandomesticmedicalequipmentbecausetheformerareeasilyavailableonthedomesticmarketandpricesforbotharecomparablebecauseofinflation.

ThetransitiontoamarketeconomyinRussiahashadsubstantialimpactontherelationsbetweendomesticmanufactur-ersandconsumersofmedicaldevices.Thespectrumandqualityofavailableitemshasbeensignificantlyextendedinrecent

years.Itshouldbealsonotedthatavailablemodelsofmedicaldevicesarecontinuouslyupdated,whichmakesthemsufficientlycompetitive.

RepresentativeinformationontheupdatingdynamicsofdomesticmedicalequipmentissummarizedinTable1.ThedatawereprovidedbytheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany,whichcompilesadatabankofsuchinformation.

Generally,newitemsaccountfor37%oftotalproductionofmedicaldevices.Routinelyproduceddevices（durationofproduction,2-5years）accountfor28%.Medicaldevicesoflong-termproduction（5-10years）accountfor17%andobsoletenomenclature（devicesproducedformorethan10years）accountsfor18%.

ItisseenfromTable1thatinrecentyearstherehasbeenconsiderableprogressintheupdatingofproductionofmedicalequipment.Forexample,accordingtotheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany,theshareoftheitemsthathavebeenproducedfornolongerthan5yearsin1988didnotexceed35%,whilenowitis65%.Fortheitemsthathavebeenproducedformorethan10yearssuchsharesare40and18%,respectively.

Updatingofproducedmedicaldeviceswasencouragedbytheincreaseinthenumberofdesignersandmanufacturers,particularlythoseofformerdefenseindustryfacilities.Incollaborationwithforeignpartnerstheysetupjointventuresforproducingmedicalequipment.

Analysisoftheupdatingofthevariousgroupsofmedicalequipmentisofsubstantialinterest.

ItisseenfromTable1thatdetoxicationdevicescontributedominantlytothegroupofitemsthathavebeenupdatedwithinthestandardperiodofupto5years（100%ofproduction,includingmoderndevicesforhemodialysisandhemosorption）.

Comparativelyhighupdatingindicesareobservedfordevicesforfunctionaldiagnosis:

72%ofthesedeviceshavebeenproducedfornolongerthan5years,andobsoletedevicesaccountforonly9%oftotalproduction.However,itshouldbenotedthatalthoughproductionofsomeobsoletedeviceshasbeenterminated,equipmentofsimilarfunctionalcapacityisstillurgentlyneeded.

Relativelylowupdatingindicesareobservedamongthedevicesforintensivecareandresuscitation:

16%ofnewitemsandcomparativelymanyobsoletedevices（26%）.Amongnewmodelsapparatusesforartificiallungventilationareworthmention.However,someapparatuses,whichhavebeendevelopedlongagoarestillonthemarketbecausetheyhavegoodperformance,arequitereliable,andstillareindemand.Thisreducestheupdatingindexofthegroupasawhole.

All-RussianScientific-ResearchInstituteforMedicalInstrumentEngineering,RusaianAcademyofMedicalSciences（VNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompany）,Moscow.TranslatedfromMeditsinskayaTekhnika,No.1,pp.4-9,January-February,1996.OriginalarticlesubmittedAugust23,1995.

0006-3398/96/3001-0001515.00yPlenumPublishingCorporation

TABLE1.UpdatingofBasicGroupsofMedicalDevicesandApparatuses（%oftotalnomenclature）

这里有个表

Thelowestupdatingindicesareobservedfordevicesforexaminingapatient'sbodystructures.Theseare:

ophthalmological,otolaryngological,andanthropometricdevices,endoscopes,etc.Theshareofobsoletedevicesishigh（44%）,whilethedeviceswhichhavebeenproducedfornomorethan5yearsaccountforonly20%oftotalproduction.

Itshouldbenotedthattheseresultsonmedicalequipmentupdatingareimportantgeneralestimates,althoughtheydonottakeintoconsiderationspecificachievementsandshortcomingsintheproductionofindividualitems.Therefore,somecorrespondingamendmentsarerequired.

Oursurveyofavailableinformation,includingtheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanydatabank,materialspresentedatvariousexhibitions,andrecentliterature,showsthatdomesticmedicalindustryhasdevelopedanumberoforiginalmedicaldevicesandapparatuseswhichweredesignedtoreplacesimilarobsoletemodels.However,manytypesofimportantandnecessarymedicaldevicesstilldonotmeetcontemporaryrequirements,andsometypesofdevicesarenotproducedatall.

Forexample,inrecentyearsproductionofsomesophisticatedmedicaldevices（apparatusesforintensivecare,resuscitation,andanesthesiology;devicesforartificiallungventilation,respiratorynarcosisdevices,extracorporealcirculation）significantlyrose,particularlyattheformerdefenseindustryfacilities,andtheirqualityhasbeensignificantlyimproved.Thefunctionalperformanceofthedevicesisgenerallyonparwithforeignanalogs.

Perfusionunitshavealsobeenimprovedandtheirproductionhasexpanded.Thisallowedthedemandofthehealthserviceorganizationsforsuchequipmenttobesatisfiedcompletely.Moderndomestichemodialysisdevices（Renart-10,Renan-10RT,etc.）havebeendevelopedandbroughtintowideclinicalpractice.

Thedevelopmentandproductionofdiagnosticmagneticresonanceimagingsystems（Obraz-3,TOROS）areconsiderablebreakthroughsindomesticmedicalindustry.Thissubstantiallyextendsdiagnosticcapacitiesofmanyhealthserviceorganizationsandprovidesthemwithtopicaldiagnosispreviouslyunavailabledomestically,althoughitisquitecommonindevelopedforeigncountries.

Domesticmedicalindustryhasbegunproductionofpulseoximeters;theseareofparticularuseinsurgeryandresuscita-

tion.Thisbridgedasubstantialgapinthespectrumofavailabledomesticmedicaldevices.

TheBilitestbilirubinmeter,whichhasbeenrecentlydevelopedandproducedinRussia,fullymeetstherequirementsofmaternityandchildren'shospitalsindevicesfordiagnosingjaundice.

Ahigh-standardradioimmunochemicallaboratorywasopenedattheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanytosupplycustomerswithnecessaryradioimmunochemicalassaykits.

Anumberofhigh-qualitymedicaldevicesandinstrumentshavebeendevelopedattheelectronicindustryplantsand

institutes.Thefollowingdevicesareparticularlyworthyofmention:

-artificialcardiacvalvesoftheEmitronPlant,whichareonparwiththebestforeignanalogs;

-pHmeters（IstokStateScientific-ManufacturingAssociation）;

-Ikarlong-term（upto24h）cardiomonitorswithelectronicmemory（KometaCentralScientific-ManufacturingAssociation）;

-radiothermographsandracliothermoscopesfordetectingdeeplylocatedthermalfieldsinthehumanbody（Oktyabr'ManufacturingAssociationandDesignBureauforEcologicalandMedicalEquipment）;

-originalthermalimagingsystem（InstituteofRadioelectronicsandAutomatics,RussianAcademyofSciences;OPTROS,Ltd.）;

-originalcomputer-assistedsystemCardiacRhythmsformonitoringoatientconditionandpulsimetry（InstituteofChemicalPhysics,RussianAcademyofSciences;Ekos,Ltd.）;

-videosystemforendoscopicimaging（ZenitScientific-ManufacturingA~sociation;ElektronScientific-ResearchandManufacturingAssociation）;

-streamlinedtechnologyforproducingdisposableandreusablesyringes,injectionneedles,andsurgicalthreads.

Anumberofotherproblemsofdomesticmedicalinstrument-makingindustryhavebeensuccessfullysolvedinrecentyears.

Forexample,thenumberandqualityoftherapeuticdevices,particularlyforlasertherapy,isquitesufficient.Researchstudiesarecarriedoutbymanyorganizationsincludingformerdefenseindustryfacilities.Technologieswhichhavebeendevelopedforotherpurposesgivefruitfulresultsinmedicalindustry.

Accordingtoourdata,morethan150modelsofsuchmedicaldeviceshavebeendevelopedoverthelast5years.Some100ofthemarecommerciallyavailable.Althoughdomesticmedicaldevicesareoftensuperiorotforeignanalogsintermsofworkingperformanceandtheyaredefinitelylessexpensive,manyofthemarenotinshortdemandandarevirtuallynotused.

However,thisactivityinmanyotherareasofmedicalinstrumentengineeringcannotbeconsideredassufficientlysuccessfulandrational.

Itshouldbenotedthatmanynewlydevelopedmodelsofdomesticmedicaldevicescompareunfavorablywithforeignanalogs.ThisisparticularlythecaseforX-rayandultrasonicdevices,electrocardiographicmonitors,laboratoryequipment,etc.Nevertheless,accordingtotheVNIIMP-VITAJoint-StockCompanydatabank,certainpositivetrendshavebeenobservedin

recentyearsevenintheseareas.However,mostproblemsstillremainunsettledandtheconditionsrequiredtosolvethemhavenotyetbeenestablished.

ItisimportanttonotethattheseriallyproducedX-rayapparatusRUM-20（MosrentgenJoint-StockCompany）hasbeensignificantlyupdated.TheupdatedmodelRUM-20M-SG312iscommerciallyavailableincombinationwiththeSapfirdomesticimageintensifieroranimageintensifierofaFrenchmanufacturer.TheKruizfiatimageintensifierhasbeende