英语四级真题.docx

英语四级真题.docx

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英语四级真题

PartⅠWriting（30minutes）

　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledCollegeStudentsontheJobMarket.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

　　1.当今大学生面临着严重的就业压力

　　2.这一现象的产生有多方面的原因

　　3.解决的办法

　　CollegeStudentsontheJobMarket

　　_____________________________________________________________________________

　　PartIWriting

　　【写作思路】

　　本文是关于对某种社会现象的讨论，探讨其原因，并提供解决问题的方案。

　　毕业生就业压力大，是目前比较热门的话题，媒体、社会以及学生本人都会时不时的讨论，所以文章难度不是很大。

　　文章开篇提出就业压力大的问题，毕业生越来越多，而就业市场却保持稳定，两者之间的不平衡，导致毕业生面临越来越大的就业压力。

　　第二段讨论出现这种问题的原因。

第一方面，从宏观上来看，整个世界的经济危机影响了就业市场;第二方面，从学校招生来看，热门专业人数过多，结果供过于求，而冷门专业学生很少，结果供不应求。

　　第三段针对第二段的原因，探讨相应的解决方案。

从政府的角度出发，要尽可能的采取各种手段帮助经济恢复，帮助学生就业;从个人角度出发，要学会自主选择，不追潮流，学习自己感兴趣的，努力提高自身素质，增强竞争能力。

　　【参考范文】

　　Moreandmoregraduatesaregoingoutofuniversitiesandenteringintothesocietyeveryyearwhilethedemandonthejobmarketremainsstable.Thecollegestudentsarefacinggreaterandgreaterpressureinjob-hunting.

　　Therearemanyreasonsbehindthecurrentphenomenon.Tobeginwith,theeconomyhasbeenconfrontedwithdepressioninrecentyearsonagloballevel,andittakestimefortheworldwideeconomytorecover.What'smore,thereisanelementofirrationalityintheenrollmentofthecampuses.Somehotmajorshaveenrolledtoomanystudents,andmanypeoplecompeteforonepositionaftergraduation,whereasthemajorswithlittleattentionhavefewstudents,andmoregraduatesareneededthanthecampuscansupply.

　　Thesolutiontothisproblemlieswithboththegovernmentasawholeandtheindividualinspecific.Thegovernmenttakeswhatevermeasurespossibletohelptheeconomyrecoverandtocreatemorejobopportunitiesfortheapplicants.Andfortheindividualstudents,itisbettertostudywhattheyareinterestedinandtogainexperiencethroughpractice,thusbetterpreparedforthesociety.

　　PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

　　Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

　　WillElectronicMedicalRecordsImproveHealthCare?

　　Electronichealthrecords（EHRs）havereceivedalotofattentionsincetheObamaadministrationcommitted$19billioninstimulusfundsearlierthisyeartoencouragehospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiestodigitizepatientdataandmakebetteruseofinformationtechnology.Thehealthcareindustryasawhole,however,hasbeenslowtoadoptinformationtechnologyandintegratecomputersystems,raisingthequestionofwhetherthepushtodigitizewillresultininformationthatempowersdoctorstomakebetter-informeddecisionsoramorassofdisconnecteddata.

　　TheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter（UPMC）knowsfirsthandhowdifficultitistoachievetheformer,andhoweasilyanEHRplancanfallintothelatter.UPMChasspentfiveyearsandmorethan$1billiononinformationtechnologysystemstogetaheadoftheEHRissue.Whilethatismorethanfivetimesasmuchasrecentestimatessayitshouldcostahospitalsystem,UPMCisamammothnetworkconsistingof20hospitalsaswellas400doctors'offices,outpatientsitesandlong-termcarefacilitiesemployingabout50,000people.

　　UPMC'searlyattemptstocreateauniversalEHRsystem,suchasitsambulatoryelectronicmedicalrecordsrolledoutbetween2000and2005,weremetwithresistanceasdoctors,staffandotheruserseitheravoidedusingthenewtechnologyaltogetherorclungtoindividual,disconnectedsoftwareandsystemsthatUPMC'sITdepartmenthadimplementedovertheyears.

　　Onthemend

　　AlthoughUPMCbegandigitizingsomeofitsrecordsin1996,theturningpointinitseffortscamein2004withtherolloutofitseRecordsystemacrosstheentirehealthcarenetwork.eRecordnowcontainsmorethan3.6millionelectronicpatientrecords,includingimagesandCTscans,clinicallaboratoryinformation,radiologydata,andapicturearchivalandcommunicationsystemthatdigitizesimagesandmakesthemavailableonPCs.TheEHRsystemhas29,000users,includingmorethan5,000physiciansemployedbyoraffiliatedwithUPMC.

　　IfUPMCmakesEHRsystemslookeasy,don'tbefooled,cautionsUPMCchiefmedicalinformationofficerDanMartich,whosaysthehealthcarenetwork'sITsystemsrequirea"huge,ongoingeffort"toensurethatthosesystemscancommunicatewithoneanother.OneofthemainreasonsisthatUPMC,likemanyotherhealthcareorganizations,usesanumberofdifferentvendorsforitsmedicalandITsystems,leavingtheintegrationlargelyuptotheITstaff.

　　Sincedoctorstypicallydonotwanttochangethewaytheyworkforthesakeofacomputersystem,thesuccessofanEHRprogramisdictatednotonlybythepresenceofthetechnologybutalsobyhowwellthedoctorsaretrainedon,anduse,thetechnology.PhysiciansneedtoseethebenefitsofusingEHRsystemsbothpersistentlyandconsistently,saysLouisBaverso,chiefinformationofficeratUPMC'sMagee-Women'sHospital.Butthesebenefitsmightnotbeobviousatfirst,hesays,adding,"Whatdoctorsseeinthebeginningisthatthey'relosingtheirabilitytoworkwithpaperdocuments,whichhasbeensovaluabletothemupuntilnow."

　　Opportunitiesandcosts

　　GiventhelackofEHRadoptionthroughoutthehealthcareworld,therearealotofopportunitiestogetthisright（orwrong）.Lessthan10percentofU.S.hospitalshaveadoptedelectronicmedicalrecordseveninthemostbasicway,accordingtoastudyauthoredbyAshishJha,associateprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementatHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth.Only1.5percenthaveadoptedacomprehensivesystemofelectronicrecordsthatincludesphysicians'notesandordersanddecisionsupportsystemsthatalertdoctorsofpotentialdruginteractionsorotherproblemsthatmightresultfromtheirintendedorders.

　　CostistheprimaryfactorstallingEHRsystems,followedbyresistancefromphysiciansunwillingtoadoptnewtechnologiesandalackofstaffwithadequateITexpertise,accordingtoJha.Heindicatedthatahospitalcouldspendfrom$20millionto$200milliontoimplementanelectronicrecordsystemoverseveralyears,dependingonthesizeofthehospital.Atypicaldoctor'sofficewouldcostanestimated$50,000tooutfitwithanEHRsystem.

　　TheupsideofEHRsystemsismoredifficulttoquantify.Althoughsomeestimatessaythathospitalsanddoctor'sofficescouldsaveasmuchas$100millionannuallybymovingtoEHRs,themereactofimplementingthetechnologyguaranteesneithercostsavingsnorimprovementsincare,JhasaidduringaHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthcommunityforumonSeptember17.AnotherHarvardstudyofhospitalcomputerizationlikewisedeterminedthatcuttingcostsandimprovingcarethroughhealthITasitexiststodayis"wishfulthinking".ThisstudywasledbyDavidHimmelstein,associateprofessoratHarvardMedicalSchool.

　　Thecostofgettingitwrong

　　ThedifferencebetweentheprojectedcostsavingsandtherealityofthesituationstemsfromthefactthattheEHRtechnologiesimplementedtodatehavenotbeendesignedtosavemoneyorimprovepatientcare,saysLeonardD'Avolio,associatecenterdirectorofBiomedicalInformaticsattheMassachusettsVeteransEpidemiologyResearchandInformationCenter（MAVERIC）.Instead,EHRsareusedtodocumentindividualpatients'conditions,passthisinformationamongclinicianstreatingthosepatients,justifyfinancialreimbursementandserveasthelegalrecordsofevents.

　　Thisisbecause,ifahealthcarefacilityhas$1milliontospend,itsmanagersaremorelikelytospenditonanexpensivepieceoflabequipmentthanoninformationtechnology,D'Avoliosays,addingthattheinvestmentonlabequipmentcanbemadeupbychargingpatientsaccesstoitasabillableservice.ThisisnotthecaseforIT.Also,computersandnetworksusedthroughouthospitalsandhealthcarefacilitiesaredisconnectedandoftenmanufacturedbydifferentvendorswithoutastandardizedwayofcommunicating."Medicaldataisdifficulttostandardizebecausecaringforpatientsisacomplexprocess,"hesays."Weneedtofindsomewayofreachingacrossnotjustdepartmentsbutentirehospitals.Ifyoucan'tmeasuresomething,youcan'timproveit,andwithoutaccesstothisdata,youcan'tmeasureit."

　　Toqualifyforapieceofthe$19billionbeingofferedthroughtheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct（ARRA）,healthcarefacilitieswillhavetojustifythesignificanceoftheirITinvestmentstoensuretheyare"meaningfulusers"ofEHRs.TheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceshasyettodefinewhatitconsidersmeaningfuluse

　　Aggregatinginfotocreateknowledge

　　Ideally,inadditiontoprovidingdoctorswithbasicinformationabouttheirpatients,databasesofvitalsigns,images,laboratoryvalues,medications,diseases,interventions,andpatientdemographicinformationcouldbeminedfornewknowledge,D'Avoliosays."Withjustafewofthesedatabasesnetworkedtogether,thepowertoimprovehealthcareincreasesexponentially,"D'Avoliosuggested."Allthatismissingisthecollectiverealizationthatbetterhealthcarerequiresaccesstobetterinformation—notautomationofthestatusquo."Downtheroad,theadditionofgenomicinformation,environmentalfactorsandfamilyhistorytothesedatabaseswillenableclinicianstobegintorealizethepotentialofpersonalizedmedicine,headded.

　　1.InAmerica,itisslowtoadoptinformationtechnologybecause—————.

　　A）thefundsinvestedbythegovernmentisnotenoughin