英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

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英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语语言学

一、名词解释

第一课

共时性:

Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.\Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

语言:

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.

任意性:

Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

第二课

音位:

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

音位变体:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

pair最小对立体:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

第三课

形态学:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

morphemes派生词素:

Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled…

morphemes曲折词素:

Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.

第四课

语法句法:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

categories句法范畴:

Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.

structure深层结构:

FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.

structure表层结构:

Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.

第五课

指称:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

同音异义:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

上下义关系:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

第六课

语用学:

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

话语:

asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.

meaning话语意义:

Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

act言外行为:

Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

二、简答题

第一课

1．WhatarethemajorbranchesoflinguisticsWhatdoeseachofthemstudy

Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.

Phonology:

Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.

Morphology:

Afieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguage

Syntax:

Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.

Pragmatics:

thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinasocialcontext.

2．Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage

Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionoflanguageareseparately:

systematic,arbitraryandvocal.

Firstofall,languageisasystem.Ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orpeoplewillusethelanguageinawrongway.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.

3．Whatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbytoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem

1）Arbitrariness:

nonatural/motivated/logicalrelationshipbetweenthesignandwhatthesignstandsfor.

2）Productivity:

providesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingnovelmessages.

3）Duality:

languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstuctures,ortwolevels.

4）Displacement:

canbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture

5）Culturaltransmission

第二课

1.HowdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudyWhodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologistWhy语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么

Phonetics—descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.

Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.

2.WhatisphoneHowisitdifferentfromaphonemehowareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme

Phoneisaphoneticunit,ithasnomeaning.

Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.

Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasdark/l-/andclear/l/,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/

Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.

第三课

1.Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaningandspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.

Suffix:

-ing

Meaning:

denotingaverbalaction,aninstanceofthis,oritsresult

Stemtype:

addedtoverbs

Examples:

fighting:

denotetheactionofbattle

building:

denotetheactionofconstruction

Suffix:

-able

Meaning:

abletobe

Stemtype:

addedtoverbs

Examples:

avoidable:

abletobepreventedfrom

calculable:

abletobemeasuredorassessed

Suffix:

-ist

Meaning:

denotingamemberofaprofessionorbusinessactivity

Stemtype:

addedtonouns

Examples:

dramatist:

apersonwhowritesplays

dentist:

apersonwhotreatstheteethdisease

2.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.

1）prefix:

un-

meaning:

denotingtheabsenceofaqualityorstate;not

stemtype:

addedtonouns

examples:

unacademic:

notadoptingorcharacteristicofascholarlyapproachorlanguage

unhappy:

nothappy

2）prefix:

anti-

meaning:

opposedto;against

stemtype:

addedtonouns

examples:

anti-abortion:

opposingorlegislatingagainstmedicallyinducedabortion

anti-art:

againstthetraditionalart

3）prefix:

re-

meaning:

oncemore;afresh;anew

stemtype:

addedtoverbs

examples:

restart:

startoncemore

reaccustom:

accustom（someone）tosomethingagain

第五课

1.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish并举例

1）dialectalsynonyms-----synonymsusedindifferentregional

2）Stylisticsynonyms:

synonymsdifferinginstyle

3）Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning

4）Collocationalsynonyms:

whatwordstheygotogetherwith

5）Semanticallydifferentsynonyms:

differfromthewordsthemselves

2.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.

Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentowwordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.Theexamplesareasfollowed:

Homophones:

rain/reignnight/knightpiece/peace

Homographs:

bowv./bown.tearv./tearn.

Completehomonyms:

fastadj./fastv.

Polysemy:

whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.Themorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.Forexample,thewordtablehasatleastsixmeaningswhenwelookitupinthedictionary:

1.apieceoffurniture

2.allthepeopleseatedatatable

3.thefoodthatisputonatable

4.athinflatpieceofstone,mental,wood,etc

5.orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc

6.partofamachine-toolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedon

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.Forexample,

Superordiante:

flower

Hyponyms:

rose,tulip,carnation,lily,morninggolory

第六课

1.WhatdoespragmaticsstudyHowdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics

答：

Generallyspeaking,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderationsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemlies