语法第一讲.docx
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语法第一讲
第一讲
一、基本句型
SVC(subject—verb—subjectcomplement/predictive)
MissJonesisasecretary.
SV(subject—verb)
Theflowersareflowering.
SVO(subject—verb—object)
Wallshaveears.
SVOiOd(subject—verb—indirectobject—directobject)
Themotherwillbuythegirladress.
SVOCo(subject—verb—object—objectcomplement)
Theparentsconsiderthechildagenius.
二、主语(subject)和谓语(predicate)
一个句子必须有主语和谓语,但在有些句子中,主语或谓语或其一部分可以省略,例如:
(You)Readthisstory.
Whospoke?
John(did).
Whatdidyoubuy?
(Ibought)Somebooks.
1)名词/名词词组作主语
Qualitymattersmorethanquantity.
Apoormanisnotnecessarilyunhappy.
Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.
ThetallboywithblondhairwhoislockinghisbicycleisfromFinland.
除名词/名词词组外,代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式和名词从句等都可以在句中作主语。
例如:
Hehasburnthisbridgesbehindhim.
Oneisenough.
Toknowthediseaseishalfthecure.
Talkingmendsnoholes.
Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.
Theoldandthehandicappedinthevillagearetakengoodcareof.
2)动词/动词词组及其后续成分作谓语
谓语动词(predicateverb)的性质决定其是否跟主语补语、宾语、宾补及状语等后续成分。
如:
Hissisterisadoctor.
Thecrowdcheered.
Theburntchildfearsthefire.
Theboygavemealetter.
Ithoughtthisactionnecessary.
Theyweresittingbeforethefireplace.
Hewillhavereceivedtheletterbynow.
三、时态与语态
谓语动词的十六种时态
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
Play
plays
Is/am/areplaying
Has/haveplayed
Has/havebeenplaying
过去
played
Was/wereplaying
Hadplayed
Hadbeenplaying
将来
Shall/will
play
Shall/willbeplaying
Shall/willhaveplayed
Shall/willhavebeenplaying
过去将来
Should/would
play
Should/wouldbeplaying
Should/wouldhavebeenplayed
Should/wouldhavebeenplaying
1.一般现在时(TheSimplePresent)
第三人称单数变化规则:
一般加“-s”,以辅音加y结尾的词把y改成i,再加-es(元音加y结尾则直接加s),以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的词加-es。
1)表示习惯、永久性的或反复发生的动作,常often,sometimes,usually,always,twiceamonth,everyweek,onSundays等状语连用。
Birdsfly.
Shealwaystakesawalkintheevening.
2)表普遍真理、事实,也用在格言中。
Theearthmovesroundthesun.
Waterboilsat100C.
Nomanbuterrs.
Pridegoesbeforeafall.
Abirdinhandisworthtwointhebush.
Astitchintimesavesnine.
Timeandtidewaitfornoman.
3)在由when,if,after,before,although,assoonas,as,because,evenif,incase,though,till,until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.
Youwillsurelysucceedifyoutryyourbest.
Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,Iwillgothere.
Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-minded.
Ishallgowhereyougo.
4)报刊标题、体育解说或舞台指导说明。
CHINAHOSTSASIANGAMES
MoorpassestoCharlton;Charltonshoots,it’sagoodgoal.
Whenthecurtainrises,Julietissittingatherdesk.Thephonerings.Shepicksitupandlistensquietly.
2.现在进行时(Thepresentprogressive)
1)正在进行的动作或发生的事。
Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?
Itissnowingoutside.
Sheistakingphysicsthissemester.
2)表示某个按最近计划或安排将要进行的动作或即将开始的动作。
此类词有:
go,leave,come,arrive,land,meet,move,return,start,stay,stop,do,dine,give,have,pay,join,punish,spend,sleep,take等。
Heismeetingthemanagertomorrow.
Iampublishingabookthisyear.
I’mchangingmyhotel.
ImagineI’mseeingtheMonaLisa.
3.一般过去时(TheSimplePast)
1)过去发生的情况或动作。
TheforeignguestsvisitedNanjinglastspring.
Heneversmoked.
Janewashereamomentago.
In1966,sixty-five-year-oldChichesterwentaloneonhisvoyageroundtheworld.
2)过去的习惯动作,常和never,often,usually等状语连用。
Whereverhetraveledinthoseyears,hewrotedownwhathesawandheard.
Barbarausuallypreparedherlessonsinthelibrary.
WhenshewasinChongqing,sheoftenwenttoJiefangbei.
3)在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
Wewouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.
Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.
4)一般过去时、一般现在时和现在完成时的比较。
Herfatherwasachemist.
Herfatherisachemist.
That’sallIhadtosay.
That’sallIhavetosay.
Howdidyoulikethedancing?
Howdoyoulikethedancing?
Itwassonicetoseeyou.
Itisnicetoseeyou.
Shealwayswasthatway.
Shealwaysisthatway.
Janedidalotofworkthismorning.
Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.
Didyouseethefilm“Othello”?
Haveyouseenthefilm“Othello”?
4.过去进行时(Thepastprogressive)
Hewasplayingtabletennisatfiveyesterdayafternoon.
Itwasgettingdark.
Shetoldmetowakehimupifhewassleeping.
5.现在完成时(ThePresentPerfect)
1)过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果,常和already,before,inthepastfewmonths,just,sofar,thisyear,uptonow,yet等连用。
Wehavemetbefore.
Shehaslosthermoney.
Ihaven’tfinishedreadingthebookyet,soIcan’treturnittothelibrary.
Inthepastfiftyyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheamountofresearchonthebrain.
2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去动作。
常同表示一段时间的状语连用,如:
sofar,uptonow,since,foralongtime,uptillnow,uptopresent,forthepast(last)fewyears,thesefewdays等。
Hehasworkedhereforovertwentyyears.
Shehaslivedinthishousesince1960.
Hehasalwayswantedtogobacktohishometowntheseyears.
3)某些非延续性动词在现在完成时中,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
此类动词有:
come,go,become,join,end,die,find,lose,fall,jump,knock等。
Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(W)
Shehasbeenawayforamonth.(R)
Hehasjoinedthearmyforalongtime.(W)
Hehasbeeninthearmyforalongtime.(R)
Hehasbeenasoldierforalongtime.(R)
Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.(W)
Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.(R)
Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.(R)
4)特殊用法。
a.“It(This)isthefirsttimethat…”结构的从句中用现在完成时。
ThisisthefirsttimethatI’veeverheardhersing.
Itisthesecondtimethatwe’vemeteachother.
b.“It(This)isthebest(worst,mostinteresting)+Noun+that…”结构中的从现在完成时。
ItisthebestfilmI’veeverseen.
Thisisthemostinterestingnovelhehaseverwritten.
c.“Itis/hasbeenalongtimesince…”后用过去时。
Itis/hasbeenalongtimesinceweparted.
Itistenyearssincehelefthishometown.
6.现在完成进行时(Thepresentperfectprogressive)
1)表一个从过去某时发生,一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。
I’vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn’tcome.
I’vebeenworkingonmycompositionallmorning.
Howlonghasitbeenraining?
Shehasbeenteachingintheelementaryschoolsince1990.
2)现在完成进行时与现在完成时的比较。
Ihavethoughtitover.
Ihavebeenthinkingitover.
Shehasputcoalonthefire.
Shehasbeenputtingcoalonthefire.
Jimhaspaintedthedoor.
Becareful!
Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.
7.过去完成时(Thepastperfect)
1)在过去某个动作或某个具体时间前已经发生、完成的动作或情况。
TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.
Icouldseefromherfacethatshehadreceivedsomegoodnews.
Bytheendoflastweekshehaswrittentwopapers.
2)过去完成时常用在hardly,scarcely,nosooner…than等副词的句中。
Shehadhardly(scarcely)gonetobedwhenthebellrang.
Nosoonerhadtheyleftthebuildingthanabombexploded.
3)intend,mean,hope,want,suppose,expect,think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示原打算做而没有做的事。
这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。
Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.
Wehadmeanttotellherthenewsbutfoundthatshewasn’tin.
Latersheexplained:
“Ihadthoughtthathehaddiedtenyearsago,butnowIknowthatheisstillalive.”
Ihadwantedtoinvitehertotheparty.
Hehadwantedtohelpyoubuthehadnotimethen.
Hewantedtohavehelpedyoubuthehadnotimethen.
8.过去完成进行时(Thepastperfectprogressive)
表过去某个时间前一直在进行的动作。
ShesaidthatshehadbeentryingapaperbeforeIcamein.
Theheavysnowhadbeenfallingforthreedays.Thefieldswereallwhite.
Thegirlhadcleareduptheroom,soitwasverytidy.
Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.
9.一般将来时(TheSimpleFuture)
1)将要发生的动作或情况。
Weshallstartrightaway.
Hewillspeakatthemeeting.
2)习惯动作或未来的倾向。
Whereverhegoes,hewilltakeanumbrellawithhim.
WithoutTV,familieswillrediscovermoreactivepastime.
3)将来时的多种表达法
a)begoingto表示“决定、打算要做什么事或可能会出现什么情况”
Iamgoingtobuyanewcoatthiswinter.
Lookatthecloud!
It’sgoingtorain.
b)begoingto和will的比较
will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事,不含任何具体时间,可以指遥远的将来。
而begoingto指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定会发生,通常表示很快就要发生的事情。
IbelieveChinawillbecomeoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.
Listentothewind.Wearegoingtohavearoughcrossing.
Thereisgoingtobeaquarrelbetweenthem,Ithink.
Hewillgetbetter.
Heisgoingtogetbetter.
Begoingto可以在条件状语从句中表将来,will不能。
Ifyouaregoingtoattendthemeeting,you’dbetterleavenow.
c)beabout表“正要”,“刚要”发生的动作。
Schoolisabouttostart.
Wearejustintime.Thecurtainisabouttogoup.
d)beto表按“日程”将要发生的动作。
Thereistobeatestinthetenthweek.
Tom’sbirthdaypartyistobeheldnextSaturday.
Iamtomeetmyparentsattheairportthisafternoon.
e)某些动词如arrive,begin,come,dogo,leave,play,start,stay,visit等的进行时表安排或计划好的行动。
Hisbrotheriscomingnextweek.
Whenareyouplanningtotakeyourvacation?
I’mmeetingJackatthestationatfourtomorrowafternoon.
Wearehavingameetingthismorning.
10.将来进行时(Thefutureprogressive)
shall(will)be+现在分词
Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?
11.将来完成时(Thefutureperfect)
Bytheendofnextmonth,hewillhavebeenherefortenyears.
Bequick,orthetrainwillhaveleftbythetimewegettothestation.
Whenyougethomeatseveno’clocktonight,I’llhavefinishedthisbook.
12.过去将来时
should(would)+verb
Hesaidthathewouldwaitforusatthebusstop.
Shehopedthattheywouldmeetagainsomeday.
表示过去的习惯行为。
Wheneverwehadtrouble,hewouldcometohelpus.
13.过去将来完成时
wouldhave+过去分词
Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno’clock.
ShetoldmethatshewouldhavefinishedtypingtheletterbeforeIcameback.
14.过去将来进行时
should(would)be+现在分词
Heaskedme