朗文最常用3000词汇.pdf

朗文最常用3000词汇.pdf

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1LONGMANCOMMUNICATION3000LongmanCommunication3000TheLongmanCommunication3000isalistofthe3000mostfrequentwordsinbothspokenandwrittenEnglish,basedonstatisticalanalysisofthe390millionwordscontainedintheLongmanCorpusNetworkagroupofcorpusesordatabasesofauthenticEnglishlanguage.TheLongmanCommunication3000representsthecoreoftheEnglishlanguageandshowsstudentsofEnglishwhichwordsarethemostimportantforthemtolearnandstudyinordertocommunicateeffectivelyinbothspeechandwriting.AnalysisoftheLongmanCorpusNetworkshowsthatthese3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenandwrittenEnglishaccountfor86%ofthelanguage.Thismeansthatbyknowingthislistofwords,alearnerofEnglishisinapositiontounderstand86%ormoreofwhatheorshereads.Ofcourse,“knowing”awordinvolvesmorethansimplybeingabletorecogniseitandknowamainmeaningofit.Manyofthemostfrequentwordshavearangeofdifferentmeanings,avarietyofdifferentgrammaticalpatterns,andnumeroussignificantcollocations.Nonetheless,abasicunderstandingoftheLongmanCommunication3000isaverypowerfultoolandwillhelpstudentsdevelopgoodcomprehensionandcommunicationskillsinEnglish.Thisfrequencyinformationisgolddustforthelanguagelearner.LDOCEshowsingraphicandimmediateformwhichwordsarereallyworthlearningandknowinghowtouse.JeremyHarmer,ELTauthorToensurethatusershaveaccesstotheappropriateinformation,theLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishmarksallthewordsthatareintheLongmanCommunication3000inredaccompaniedbyspecialsymbols:

W1,W2,andW3forwordsthatareinthetop1000,2000and3000mostfrequentwordsinwrittenEnglish,andS1,S2andS3forthetop1000,2000and3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenEnglish.Nowadays,manylearnersdictionariesincludeinformationaboutthemostfrequentwordsinEnglish,butLongmandictionariesaretheonlyonestohighlightthedifferencesbetweenspokenandwrittenfrequency.Thesefrequencymarkersaddedtotheheadwordsinthedictionarygiveusersaccesstoawealthofinformationthatcanhelptheselectionoftheappropriatewordorphraseinavarietyofsituations.Notonlyarethewordsandmeaningsgivendescriptivelabels,forexampleformalorinformal,AmE（AmericanEnglish）orBrE（BritishEnglish）,humorous,old-fashioned,butnowtheyhavetheaddedinformationaboutrelativefrequencyinspokenandwrittenlanguage.Takeforexampletheverbbook（inthemeaningofbookatableatarestaurant）.ItismarkedasS2oneofthetop2000wordsofspokenEnglish.NotethatishasnomarkerforwrittenEnglishbecauseaccordingtocorpusanalysis,itisnotpartofthetop3000mostfrequentwordsinwrittenEnglish.However,theentryalsoindicatesthatasynonymforbookisreservewhichisinthetop3000mostfrequentwordsinwrittenEnglish.Theconclusiontobedrawnfromthisisthatinspeaking（forinstancewhenphoningahotelorrestaurant）,bookisthemostappropriateverbtousewhenaskingforaroomortabletobekeptforyou.Inwriting,however,itwouldbemoreappropriatetousereserve.TherearetwodistinctmodesofEnglish:

thoughtful,accurateandmoreformal,reflectedmostlybywrittenEnglish;andspontaneous,real-time,lessformallanguage,typifiedbyspontaneousspeechandsomeinformalwriting.ProfessorGeoffreyLeech,EmeritusProfessorofEnglishLanguageandLinguisticsUniversityofLancasterLearningalanguagecanbeexciting,butalsosometimesdifficultandfrustratingbecausetherearesomanythingstolearnanditisdifficulttoknowwhattofocuson.ThefrequencymarkersthatidentifytheLongmanCommunication3000helpstudentsseeclearlywhichwordsarefrequentinwrittenandspokenEnglish,andenablethemtofocusmoreattentiononmasteringthemeanings,grammaticalpatternsandcollocationsofthesewords.aindefinitearticle,determinerS1,W1abandonvW3abilitynS2,W1ableadjS1,W1aboutprepS1,W1aboutadvS1,W1aboveadv,prepS2,W1aboveadjW3abroadadvS2,W3absencenS3,W2absoluteadjS2,W3absolutelyadvS1,W3absorbvW3abusenS2,W3academicadjW2acceptvS1,W1acceptableadjS3,W3accessnS2,W1accidentnS2,W2accommodationnS2,W2accompanyvW2accordingtoprepS2,W1accountnS1,W1accountvS3,W2accurateadjS2,W3accusevW3achievevS2,W1achievementnS3,W2acidnW3acknowledgevS3,W3acquirevW2acrossadv,prepS1,W1actnS1,W1actvS2,W1actionnS1,W1activeadjS2,W2activistnS3activitynS2,W1actornW3actualadjS1,W2actuallyadvS1,W1adnS3,W3adaptvW3addvS1,W1additionnS3,W1additionaladjS3,W2addressnS2,W2addressvS2,W2adequateadjS3,W3adjustvW3administrationnS2,W2administrativeadjW3admirevS3admissionnW3admitvS2,W1adoptvS3,W2adultnS2,W2adultadjW3advancenS2,W2advancevW3advancedadjW3advantagenS2,W1advertnS3advertisevS3,W3advertisementnS3advertisingnW3advicenS2,W2advisevS2,W2advisernS3,W3affairnS2,W1affectvS2,W1affordvS1,W3afraidadjS1,W2afterprep,conj,advS1,W1afternoonnS1,W2afterwardsadvS2,W3againadvS1,W1againstprepS1,W1agenS1,W1agedadjW3agencynS3,W1agentnS3,W2aggressiveadjS3agoadvS1,W1agreevS1,W1agreementnS2,W1agriculturenW2aheadadvS1,W2aidnS2,W2aimnS2,W2aimvS2,W2airnS1,W1aircraftnS2,W2airlinenS2,W3airportnS3,W3alarmnS2albumnS3,W3alcoholnW3aliveadjS2,W3alldeterminer,predeterminer,pronS1,W1alladvS1,W1allowvS1,W1allowancenS2,W3allrightadj,adv,interjectionS1,W2almostadvS1,W1aloneadj,advS2,W1alongadvS1,W1alongprepS1,W1alongsideadv,prepW3alreadyadvS1,W1alsoadvS1,W1altervS3,W3alternativeadjS2,W2alternativenS2,W3althoughconjS1,W1altogetheradvS2,W3alwaysadvS1,W1amazingadjS2ambitionnW3ambulancenS3amongprepS2,W1amountnS1,W1anindefinitearticle,determinerS1,W1analysevW3analysisnS3,W1analystnW2ancientadjW2andconjS1,W1angernW3anglenS3,W3angryadjS3,W3animalnS1,W1announcevS2,W1announcementnS3,W3annoyvS3annualadjS2,W2anotherdeterminer,pronS1,W1answernS1,W1answervS1,W2anticipatevS3anxietynS3,W3anxiousadjS3,W3anydeterminer,pronS1,W1anyadvS2anybodypronS1,W3anyhowadvS3anyonepronS1,W1anythingpronS1,W1anywayadvS1,W2anywhereadvS1,W3apartadv,adjS2,W1apartmentnS2,W3apologizevS2apologynS3apparentadjW2apparentlyadvS1,W2appealnS2,W1appealvS3,W3appearvS2,W1appearancenW2applenS2,W3applicationnS1,W1applyvS1,W1appointvS2,W2appointmentnS2,W2appreciatevS2,W3approachnS2,W1approachvS2,W2appropriateadjS2,W1approvalnS2,W3approvevS3,W2approximateadjS3,W3architectnW3architecturenS3,W3areanS1,W1arguevS2,W1argumentnS1,W1arisevS3,W2armnS1,W1armedadjS3,W3armynS1,W1aroundadv,prepS1,W1arrangevS2,W2arrangementnS2,W2arrestvW3arrivalnW3arrivevS2,W1artnS1,W1articlenS2,W1artificialadjS3artistnS3,W2asconjS1,W1asprep,advS1,W1ashamedadjS3asideadvS3,W3askvS1,W1asleepadjS2aspectnS2,W1assessvS2,W2assessmentnS3,W2assignmentnS2assistvS3,W3assistancenS3,W2assistantnS3associatevS3,W2associationnS3,W1assumevS2,W1assumptionnS2,W2assurevS2,W3atprepS1,W1atmospherenS3,W2attachvS2,W2attacknS2,W2attackvS3,W2attemptnS2,W1attemptvS2,W2attendvS2,W2attentionnS2,W1attitudenS2,W1attorneynS2,W3attractvS2,W22LONGMANCOMMUNICATION3000S1=oneofthe1000mostfrequentwordsinSpokenEnglish;W1=oneofthe1000mostfrequentwordsinWrittenEnglishS2=oneofthe2000mostfrequentwordsinSpokenEnglish;W2=oneofthe2000mostfrequentwordsinWrittenEnglishS3=oneofthe3000mostfrequentwordsinSpokenEnglish;W3=oneofthe3000mostfrequentwordsinWrittenEnglishLongmanCommunication3000attractionnW3attractiveadjS2,W2audiencenS2,W2auntnS3,W3authornW2authoritynW1automaticadjS3automaticallyadvS3,W3autumnnW3availableadjS1,W1averageadjS2,W2averagenS2avoidvS2,W1awakeadjS3awardnS3,W2awardvW3awareadjS1,W1awarenessnW3awayadvS1,W1awfuladjS1awkwardadjS3babynS1,W1backadvS1,W1backnS1,W1backvS2,W3backadjS2,W3backgroundnS2,W2backwardsadvS3baconnS3badadjS1,W1badlyadvS3,W3bagnS1,W2bakevS3balancenS2,W2balancevS3ballnS1,W2bannW3bandnS2,W2bangvS3bangnS3banknS1,W1barnS1,W1barriernW3basevS1,W1basenS2,W2baseballnS3,W2basicadjS2,W1basicallyadvS1basisnS2,W1basketnS3batnS3bathnS2,W3bathroomnS2,W3batterynS2battlenW2beauxiliaryS1,W1bevS1,W1beachnS2,W2beannS2bearvS2,W2beardnS3beatvS2,W2beatnS3beautifuladjS1,W2beautynS3,W2becauseconjS1,W1becauseprepS1,W1becomevS1,W1bednS1,W1bedroomnS1,W2beefnS3beernS2,W3beforeadvS1,W1beforeconjS1,W1beforeprepS1,W1beforehandadvS3beginvS1,W1beginningnS1,W2behalfnS3,W3behavevS3,W3behaviournS2,W1behindprep,advS1,W1beingnS2,W3beliefnS3,W2believevS1,W1bellnS2,W3belongvS2,W2belowadv,prepS2,W2beltnS2,W3benchnS2,W3bendvS3,W3beneathadv,prepW2benefitnS2,W1benefitvS2,W3besideprepS3,W2bestadjS1,W1bestadvS1,W2betvS1betnS3betteradjS1,W1betteradvS1,W1betweenadv,prepS1,W1beyondprep,advS2,W1bicyclenW3bidnW3bigadjS1,W1bikenS2billnS1,W1binnS2birdnS2,W2birthnS2,W2birthdaynS1,W3biscuitnS2bitadv,pronS1,W1bitnS1,W1bitevS2bitenS3bitteradjS3,W3blackadjS1,W1bladenS3blamevS2,W3blankadjS3blessvS3blindadjS2,W3blocknS2,W2blockvS3blokenS2blondeadjS3bloodnS2,W1blowvS2,W3blownS3,W3blueadjS1,W2boardnS1,W1boatnS1,W2bodynS1,W1boilvS3boilernS3boilingadjS3bombnS3,W3bonenS2,W2bonusnS2booknS1,W1bookvS2boomnS3bootnS2,W3bordernS3,W2boredadjS3boringadjS2bornvS1,W2borrowvS2,W3bossnS2,W3bothdeterminer,predeterminer,pronS1,W1bothervS1,W3bottlenS1,W2bottomadjS1,W3bottomnS1,W3bouncevS3boundadjS2,W3bowlnS2,W3boxnS1,W1boynS1,W1boyfriendnS3brainnS2,W2branchnS2,W2brav