英语阅读技巧.docx
《英语阅读技巧.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语阅读技巧.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
英语阅读技巧
英语阅读技巧:
理解上下文之间的意义关系
阅读理解不能仅仅停留在句子水平上。
有的读者对一篇文章的一些个别句子好像是理解的,但由于不能理解它们与上下文中其他句子的逻辑关系,因而整篇文章讲的是什么则不能准确掌握。
在阅读理解测试中,考核这一阅读技能的题目是大量的,而且题干的形式和措词没有固定形式,但从考核目标和内容来看,这一类题目往往要求读者准确理解一些有关联的句子之间的种种逻辑关系(例如概括和举例说明、前因后果、行为动机、比较、条件或让步等)。
例如:
1.Whichofthefollowingmaycause/leadto...accordingtothepassage?
2.Sb.isasked/advisedtodosth.Because________.
3.Theaimof...is/was______.
4.Thebestsolutionfor...seemstobe________
5.isspecificallymentionedinparagraph...asanexampleof_______.
6.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbe________
7.Accordingtothepassage/author,peopledifferintheiropinionsabout.
8.…encouragestheuseofsth.sothat_______
9.Accordingtothepassagethenewdeviceprovedtobe_________
10.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?
例1
Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?
Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.
Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're"hot".That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:
"Getup,John!
You'llbelateforworkagain!
"ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.
Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.
Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.
Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.
1.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably
A.heisalazyperson
B.herefusestofollowhisownenergycycle
C.heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislow
D.heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening
本题在形式上是一个条件句,但实质上是要读者搞清楚人们能否早起同什么有关。
也就是说,本题要求找到文章的第一句(Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?
)和其他有关句子的联系。
文章的第二句说,“有人可能会把这说成是懒散,但Kleitman博士却另有解释。
”因此选项A显然不对。
再根据文章第二段中John的自言自语,以及紧接着的解释:
Johnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.依此推理,不能早起,则很可能和这个人的能量周期有关。
因此选项D应是正确答案。
2.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?
A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.
B.Familiarmonologues.
C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.
D.Attemptstocontroltheenergycyclesofotherfamilymembers.
本题的关键是看懂文章第二段的最后一句(即:
“Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.”),同时联系本段的第四旬和第五旬(即:
“Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevenin9.”)的意思。
该旬的直接意思是“如果丈夫和妻子能明白能量周期是怎么回事,以及家庭每个成员有什么样的周期,很多家庭争吵就会停止。
”也就是说,家庭争吵的发生是因为丈夫和妻子不了解能量周期是怎么回事,更谈不上了解每个家庭成员有什么样的能量周期了。
因此A项:
Unawarenessofenergycycles(不知道能量周期)应是正确答案。
3.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould_______.
A.changehisenergycycle
B.overcomehislaziness
C.getupearlierthanusual
D.gotobedearlier
本题要求读者找出文章第三段中的最后两句,并联系本段开头两旬的意思,作出正确判断。
文章第三段开头说,“虽然你无法改变自己的能量周期,但你可以使你的生活适合这一周期。
Dr.Kleitman认为经常性的行为(对你的能量周期)能起作用。
”最后两句又说,“…risebeforeyourusualhour…workbetteratyourlowpoint.”(“如果你在上午处于能量的低潮,但你有重要的工作要在上午做,那么你就要比平时早起。
这并不改变你的周期,但你可以在低潮时得到能量,工作得更好。
”)因此选项C是正确答案。
4.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill______.
A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'swork
B.helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday
C.enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework
D.keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday
本题问的是因果关系。
回答这一问题的关键是看懂文章最后一段的第二句和其他句子的联系。
首先要注意这一段的第一句“Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy”,也就是说早上慢慢起床可以节省能量。
紧接该句的三个句子都是慢慢起床的具体做法。
因此选项A是正确答案。
例2
Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours’wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.
Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.
Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.
Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.
1.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-hourworkingsystemseems
A.tochangeshiftsatlongerintervals
B.tohavelongershifts
C.toemploypeoplewhoworkonnightshiftsonly
D.tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers
本题考核读者对文章具体内容的理解。
这需要联系和概括第三段的第一句和第四段第一句的意思。
第三段第一句说,“要真正解决这个问题似乎只有把夜班活固定地交给一批长夜班的工人去干”。
第四段第一句又说,“这种专人干长久的夜班的方法看来不失为最佳的长远之计”。
所以选项C是正确答案。
职称英语解题技巧:
根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义
在阅读理解测试中必然要考查对词或词组的意思的理解。
这也是测试考生阅读能力的一种方法。
在完整的语篇中,单词和词组的意义总是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的,因此可以根据上下文,并利用所掌握的句法、构词法和词汇等知识确定它们的意义。
掌握这一基本技能不仅能帮助读者从词或词组的多种义项中选择符合上下文的解释,而且往往还能推测某些生词的大致意思。
常见的这类题型有:
1.Theword"..."inline...refersto______.
2.Theexpression"..."(lineparagraph...)isclosestinmeaningto
3.Inline..,theword"..."mostprobablymeans________
4.Inline..,theword"..."couldbestbereplacedby_________
5.By“...”theauthormeans_________
6.Theword"...",asusedbytheauthor,mostnearlymeans________
7.Inthispassage,theword"..."means
8."..."inthecontextofthepassagerefersto_________
9.“...”,asusedinthepassage,canbestbedefinedas_________
例1
Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram."Inoursociety,you'reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours'sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition."
Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier."We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,"saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate."
1.Theword"subjects"inline6refersto________.
A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit
B.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied
C.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied
D.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit
本题考了一个熟悉的词subject。
它是一个多义词,可以表示“题目”、“科目”等。
但这些义项在这里都不合适。
要确定它的意思,最关键的是要准确弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和关系。
这句话前一部分说,要确定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人员让subjects通过一系列的心理和能力的测验,要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听到过的文章。
所以,这里subjects是人,是“正在被研究的对象”。
选项C是正确答案。
例2
Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetot