新编跨文化交际英语Unit15课后答案.docx
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新编跨文化交际英语Unit15课后答案
1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone’squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?
Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonintoday‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsarecausedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.
2.What’sthedifferencebetweentoday’sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?
Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninanytimeinhistory.
3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?
Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.
4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?
Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.
5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?
Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).
6.Whatdoesone’sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?
Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.
7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?
Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.
8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?
Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.
9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?
Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.
1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?
Why?
Somemaypreferashortdefinition,suchastheonegivenbyE.SapirorR.Benedict,foritishighlygeneralizedandeasytoremember.Somemaypreferalongerone,suchasEdwardT.Hall‘sdefinitionofculture,becauseitprovidesuswithamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofcultureandpointsouttheall-pervasiveimpactofcultureonhumanlifeindifferentdimensions.
2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?
Manythingscanbelearnedfromthosedefinitions,foreachdefinition,thoughnotwithoutitslimitations,tellsussomethingveryimportantaboutcultureorcertainaspect(s)ofculture.
3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?
Eventhoughthisisgenerallythecase,therewillstillbesomeexceptions.Sometimespeoplemightprefertosatisfyhigherneeds,forinstance,esteemneeds,beforetheirlowerneeds,suchascertainphysiologicalneedsorsafetyneeds,aresatisfied.
4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?
Forexample,everyonehastoeatinordertoliveandthisisuniversallytrue.However,tosatisfythisbasicneed,peopleofvariousculturesmaydoitinverydifferentways:
whattoeatandhowtoeatitvaryfromculturetoculture.
5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?
Instinctivebehaviorsarebehaviorsthatwearebornwithandwaysofdoingthingsindailylife,suchaswaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,makingfriends,marrying,anddealingwithdeatharelearnedintheculturalenvironment.
6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?
Wecanalsofindculturaldifferencesinwaysofbringingupchildren,treatingtheelderly,greetingeachother,savingandspendingmoney,andmanyotherthingspeopledoineverydaylife.
7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?
WeChinesemayenjoysomethingthatisnotusuallyconsideredasediblebytheEnglish-speakingpeople.Generallyweprefertohavethingshotandlaymuchemphasisontastes.Wetendtosharethingswitheachotherwhenweareeatingwithothers.
1.WhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStates?
BecausefewAmericansstayputforalifetime.Witheachmove,formingnewfriendshipbecomesanecessityandpartoftheirnewlife.
2.Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing?
Yes.Thedifficultywhenstrangersfromtwocountriesmeetistheirdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.
3.HowisfriendshipinAmericadifferentfromfriendshipinWestEurope?
InWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromother,morecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticularizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericatheword―friendcanbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelationshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.
4.Inwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithone’sfamily?
Andinwhatcountrydoesitnot?
InGermany,friendshiphasmuchtodowithone‘sfamilyasfriendsareusuallybroughtintothefamily,whileinFranceitdoesn‘tas,forinstance,twomenmayhavebeenfriendsforalongtimewithoutknowingeachother‘spersonallife.
5.Whatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalized?
Forinstance,amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinions,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforaslongatimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson‘slife.
6.WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEngland?
Englishfriendshipsarebasedonsharedactivity.Activitiesatdifferentstagesoflifemaybeofverydifferentkinds.Inthemidstoftheactivity,whateveritmaybe,peoplefallintostepsandfindthattheyparticipateintheactivitywiththesameeasyanticipationofwhateachwilldodaybydayorinsomecriticalsituation.
7.Doyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentcultures?
Ifyoudo,whatarethey?
Yes.Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,incontrastwithkinship,invokesfreedomofchoice.Afriendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspecialindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-take.
8.WhatdoyouthinkisthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendship?
IsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendships?
ItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamily.ItmaybesimilartoGermanyfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfromotherWesternfriendships.
9.Whatisyourfamilylike?
Inwhataspectsisitthesameasordifferentfromthetraditional?
Whatproblemsmayarisewhenpeoplefromdifferentfamilybackgroundscommunicatewithoneanother?
Asweallknow,manyculturaldifferencesexistinfamilystructuresandvalues.Insomecultures,thefamilyisthecenteroflifeandthemainframeofreferencefordecisions;whileinothers,theindividual,notthefamily,isprimary.ManyChinesefamiliesarestillquitetraditional.Theyareoftenextendedfamilies,withthreeorevenfourgenerationslivingunderthesameroof.Insuchfamilies,peoplemaycarealotaboutfamilies’welfare,reputationandhonor.Nomatterwhattheydo,theytendtoputtheinterestofthewholefamilyasthetoppriority.Forthem,thefamilyasawholealwayscomesfirst,anditsindividualmembersaresecond.However,therearealsomanyChinesefamiliesnowinwhichindividualneedsaregivenmorestressthaneverbeforeandtherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenaremoreegalitarianthanhierarchical.Therefore,communicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentfamilybackgroundsmaybeinterculturaltosomeextent.Whatoneconsidersasappropriatemayberegardedasimproperbytheother,andsometimesitwouldbeverydifficultforthemtounderstandeachotherinthewayeachofthempreferstobeunderstood.
1.Whatcanwedotoavoidattributingaverydifferentmeaningtothephraseorinterpretitmuchmoreliterally?
Wehavetobeawareoftheculturalimplicationsofthephrase.
2.Whataretheotherfunctionsofusingquestionformsapartfromaskingforinformation?
Itservesasalubricanttomovetheconversationforward.Aquestionthathasthisfunctioncanbecalleda―socialquestion.
3.WhyarethoseGermansgettingstifferandmorereservedallthetimewhenvisitingIngridZerbe?
Theyareconfusedabouthowtoaddressher,forsheintroducesherselfbyfirstandlastnameratherthanbylastnameandprofessionaltitle.
4.Howdoestheenvironmentinfluencetheuseoflanguage?
Languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Weuselanguagetolabelthethingsthatarearoundus.
5.Doestheauthorthinkthereareexactequivalentsindictionariesthathavethesamemeaningsindifferentcultur