句子重音和语调.docx
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句子重音和语调
句子重音和语调
英语句子听起来之所以忽轻忽慢,忽升忽降,富有节奏感,主要是因为句子重音和语调的重要调节作用。
一、句子重音
在句子重音中,单词重音是认识和掌握句子重音的基础。
单词一旦置于句子里,在语流中并不是所有的单词都像单独读音时读得那么响亮,只有其中部分词重读,部分词不重读。
如:
Itwasˈtooexˈpensiveformetoˈbuy.这个句子中只有三个词重读。
另外,句子中要重读的词若为双音节或多音节词,重音一般就落在该词的重读音节上。
像前句中的expensive就属于这种情况。
如何掌握句子重音的规律,判别句子重音是正确朗读英语句子的关键之一,应遵循的基本原则如下:
在通常情况下,“实强虚弱”,即在一个英语句子中实词(notionalwords/contentwords)一般重读,虚词(formwords/functionwords)一般弱读。
名词一般都重读Thereisaˈbookontheˈdesk.Myˈsisterˈputupaˈpictureontheˈwall.ˈJohnˈwantstoˈseetheˈteacherafterˈclass.Anˈelephantisanˈanimal.
一些含义较广,本身没有很确切内容的名词,如thing,person,place,或指一大类人或事物的名词,如man,woman,fellow,time,ship,前面有修饰语缩小其范围时,这类名词通常不重读ˈThat'saˈnicething.(比较:
ˈThat'saˈniceˈpicture.)He'sanˈeasypersontoˈgetaˈlongwith.He'stheˈrightmanfortheˈjob.It'salˈreadyˈlunchtime.(比较;It'sˈtimeforˈlunch.)
代词常重读的代词有1.指示代词ˈThisisˈnotwhatIˈmean.ˈThatˈisn'ttheoneIˈaskedfor.ˈDoyouˈlike(ˈ)theseˈflowers?
但如指示代词前后都有重音时,该指示代词可失去重音ˈHowdoyouˈlikethoseˈlittleonesˈWhoˈwrotethisˈinterestingˈstory
2.名词性物主代词ˈYoursisˈmuchˈnicerthanˈmine.Theˈredoneisˈhis.但在双重所有格中,物主代词往往不重读Iˈmˈwritingtoaˈfriendofmine.3.强调代词Iˈsawitmyˈself.Theˈmanhimˈselfˈtoldmeso.4.疑问代词ˈWhoareyouˈtalkingtoˈWhatcanIˈdoforyouˈWhoˈcametoˈseeyouthisˈmorning
不重读的代词有:
人称代词,反身代词,物主代词(形容词性),相互代词,关系代词Heˈhasn'tˈseenmyˈbrotheryet.Heˈhurthimselfwhenhewasˈplayingˈfootball.Theyˈoftenˈhelpeachother.Theˈgirlwhoˈspoketoyoujustˈnowismyˈsister.
形容词(包括分词作形容词)一般都应重读数词一般都应重读Theˈstreetsareˈwide,ˈcleanandˈbeautiful.ˈThisˈnarrowˈvalleywastheˈsceneofaˈfamousˈbattle.Hisˈfirstdaughterisfifˈteen.It'saˈdullanddisapˈpointingfilm.ˈThat'sexˈcitingnews.Theˈworriedmanˈenteredtheˈcrowdedˈstreet.HeˈboughtˈtenˈcupsandˈIboughtonlyˈfour.
冠词一般都不重读Heˈlivesinaˈhouseˈnotˈfarfromtheˈschool.Itˈsanˈhour'sˈdrivefromtheˈoldˈstation.Theˈmanˈoverthereismyˈbrother.Anˈelephantisanˈanimal.
动词
主要动词,或称实意动词、行为动词(notionalverb)都要重读(be、have除外)Heˈtakesaˈwalkafterˈsupperˈeveryˈday.ˈDonˈtforˈgetyourˈhomework.Isupˈposeyouˈknowhim.非限定动词一般也都要重读不定式Wedeˈcidedtoˈstarttheˈnextˈday.分词Weˈsatattheˈdeskˈwritingaˈletter.动名词It'sˈnoˈuseˈaskinghimaboutˈthat.
助动词和情态动词与not构成的缩略式要重读Iˈdon'twanttoˈgotheretoˈday.Heˈwasn'tsurˈprisedwhenIˈtoldhimtheˈnews.Weˈcan'tˈstayanyˈlonger.ˈDonˈtyouthinkyouˈshouldn'tsayˈsuchthings?
Wemustˈdoitˈnow,ˈmustn'twe?
cannot不缩写成can't时,重音也在can上Iˈcannotagreeˈwithhim.
Do用于肯定句中表示强调时,总是重读的Iˈdohopeˈthiswillbeefˈfective.Heˈdoesneedyourˈhelp.Weˈdidwarnyoubeˈfore.ˈDoˈdropˈinwhenyouareinˈXuzhou.
不重读的动词助动词Hedidˈnotworkˈhardfortheeˈxam.Wewereimˈpressedbytheiraˈchievements.ˈMuchhasbeenˈsaidaˈboutit.Theywillbesurˈprisedatˈthat.情态动词Heshouldbeˈcriticizedforˈdoingˈthat.ˈMarycouldˈdoitˈbetterthanˈHerbert.Imustˈgoˈnow.ˈWhocanˈanswerthisˈquestion
动词be(是),have(有)一般不重读Ihaveˈsomanyˈthingstoˈdotoˈday.ˈFewˈpeoplehadˈTVˈsetsinˈthoseˈdays.Theˈkeywasˈintheˈbox.
以上几类通常不重读的动词用于简短回答,或其后省略了主要动词时,要重读;用于一
般疑问句句首有时重读,但在比较随便的谈话中不必重读(ˈ)HaveyouanyˈbrothersandˈsistersˈYes,Iˈhave.(ˈ)AreyouaˈstudentˈYes,Iˈam.(ˈ)CanyouˈcomethisafterˈnoonYes,Iˈcan.Heˈsaidˈmorethanheˈshouldattheˈmeeting.Iˈdon'twanttoˈgothere,butIˈmust.
副词一般都重读Theyˈcameˈbackˈearlyˈyesterday.ˈWheredidyouˈbuyitˈWhydoyouˈcomeYouˈmeetˈpeopleˈeverywhere.I'veˈneverˈheardofˈsuchathingbeˈfore.Perˈhapsshe'llarˈrivetoˈnight.ˈTellhimtoˈcomeˈin.Aˈcarˈdashedˈpast.ˈThankyouforˈcomingtoˈseemeˈoff.
但关系副词不重读Heˈvisitedtheˈsmallˈvillagewherehewasˈborn.Theyˈcameˈrightattheˈtimewhenweˈneededtheirˈhelp.ˈThisistheˈreasonwhytheyˈfailed.介词单音节介词一般都不重读ˈAllbutˈoneoftheˈfamilyareatˈhome.ˈHowˈfarisitfromˈParistoˈLondonˈWhatareyouˈlookingatˈThatˈswhatIwasˈthinkingof.
多音节的介词常重读,但也可不重读I'llˈdoit(ˈ)afterˈlunch.Heˈfinishedtheˈarticle(ˈ)duringtheˈholidays.Theˈmanˈwalkeda(ˈ)longtheˈstreet.Heˈsearcheda(ˈ)mongtheˈpapers.Iforˈgotˈalla(ˈ)boutit.Ihaveˈnothingtoˈsaycon(ˈ)cerningthisˈproblem.ˈPutitˈoppositetheˈdoor.
在不重读的连系动词be或人称代词后,不论是单音节或多音节介词都重读They'reˈbytheˈwindow.Hewasˈintheˈsitting-room.IsitˈneartheˈpostofficeTheˈteacherwasˈwithusattheˈpicnic.Itwasˈduringtheˈinterval.Hewasbeˈsidehimselfwithˈrage.Theyarebeˈhindtheˈdoor.
介词在句首时常可重读ˈOnhisˈwayˈhomeheˈmetanˈoldˈfriend.ˈIntheˈroomtheyˈfoundaˈlittleˈboy.ˈUndertheˈtreeˈstandsaˈtallman.
连接词单一的并列连接词(包括关联连接词both…andneither…nor等)和从属连词都不重读Heˈcameandˈspoketous.Iˈsawitbutˈdidn'tˈreadit.ˈLet'sˈrunorwe'llbeˈlate.ˈThatˈtakesbothˈtimeandˈenergy.NeitherˈyounorˈIcanˈsolvetheˈproblem.Isugˈgestthatweˈgiveˈuptheˈplan.HewasˈangrywithmebecauseIwasˈlate.TheproˈfessorwasˈbusyˈwritingwhenIˈwenttoˈseehim.
Weˈtooktheˈtaxitotheˈstationso(that)wecouldbeinˈtimefortheˈtrain.Sheˈdidn'tarˈrangetheˈchairsasIˈtoldher.ˈPutitwhereitcanˈeasilybeˈseen.Heˈwantstoˈseeyoubeforeyouˈleave.Sheinˈsistedonˈgoing,thoughIˈtoldherˈnotto.Theyweredisapˈpointedwhereasˈweweredeˈlighted.Youˈcan'tunderˈstandituntilyouˈreadittotheˈend.
连接词词组其中重要的词要重读,还有一些意味较强的连接词也要重读IfˈonlyIˈknewhowtoˈdoit.He'llˈhelpusonconˈditionthatweˈtrusthim.We'llˈstarttoˈmorrowˈevenifitˈrains.Theyhaveˈneverˈmetˈeversinceˈ19ˈ80.Theˈmeetingwillbeˈginasˈsoonastheˈguestsˈcome.You'llsucˈceedsoˈlongasyouˈworkˈhard.It'sˈsuchaˈpitythatyouˈcan'tˈcome.
HeˈspokeˈsoˈfastthatIcouldˈhardlyˈfollowhim.WillyouˈtryaˈgainsupˈposingyouˈfailImustˈgotherealˈthoughitisˈraining.Theˈschoolbuswillˈleavediˈrectlytheˈbellˈrings.Youcanˈneversucˈceedunˈlessyouˈworkˈhard.
从句放在主句前面时,处于句首的连接词常重读(that除外)ˈWhenheˈcomesI'llintroˈducehimtoyou.ˈAfterIˈveˈfinisheditI'llˈshowittoyou.ˈAsIwasˈwaitingfortheˈbus,itˈsuddenlybeˈgantoˈrain.但Thatwecanˈdoitwithˈouthimisabˈsurd.
连接代词who(whom,whose)what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why可以重读,也可以不重读Iˈwonderˈwhoˈthatwas.ˈAskhimˈwhichisˈbetter.Iˈdon'tˈknowˈhowtheyˈare.Iˈdon'tˈknowhowˈthingsareinˈtheirˈschool.I'mˈnotsureˈwhenhe'sˈcoming.Iˈcan'tunderˈstandˈwhyhereˈfusestoˈgo.DoyouˈseewhatIˈmeanHeˈdoesn'tknowˈwhatheshouldˈdoˈnext.
感叹词感叹词是表示某种感情的自然一般都重读ˈAh!
ˈOh!
ˈUgh!
[ˈuh]ˈEhˈFancy!
ˈGoodness!
ˈNonsense!
Helˈlo!
Inˈdeed!
ˈHowˈawful!
但如果后面紧跟一个有强重音的词,单音节的感叹词可以不重读,但音调很高Ahˈˈno!
Ohˈˈwell!
Ohˈˈdear!
不合乎语句重音一般规律的例外情况任何本来有句子重音的词,如果上文刚出现过,第二次提到时一般不应重读--ˈHowˈmanyˈtimeshaveyouˈbeenthere--ˈThreetimes.Theˈboyˈshoutedtotheˈotherboys.--Theyˈwantˈstrongmen.--ˈVeryˈwell.Iˈamstrong.ˈStudyasˈLeninstudied.AˈnewcomˈmitteehasbeenˈsetˈupandˈDrˈLiisˈonthecommittee.
名词street在街名中不重读ˈOxfordStreetˈDowningStreetˈEighthStreetˈWallStreet但road,avenue,lane,way,hill,town,park,palace等词在街名地名中都要重读ˈYorkˈRoadˈWestˈLakeˈHydeˈParkˈBuckinghamˈPalaceˈHamptonˈCourt
一个名词受另一个名词(或形容词)修饰时,如修饰语与别的词形成对比时,或两个词意义上联系很紧密时,被修饰的名词不重读,只重读前面的修饰语ˈrailwayjourney坐火车旅行(区别于坐汽车或飞机旅行)ˈpleasuretrip旅游(区别于因事旅行)ˈhighschool中学ˈsafetyrazor安全剃刀ˈlife-savingapparatus救生装置ˈdoorhandleˈtennisballˈcampinggroundˈgolfclubˈviolinstringexamiˈnationpaper
指示代词this,that,these,those有时没有很强的指示意味,其意义很接近于冠词the,特别是当其修饰的名词前面已提到时,这些指示代词不重读Heˈmanagedthisˈmatterˈwonderfully.Itisˈnecessarytoˈtaketheseˈmeasures.Heˈcouldn'tˈbeartheˈgazeofthoseˈeyes.在thisˈmorning,thisˈafterˈnoon,thisˈevening等词组中,this不重读
such后面跟有强调的词时不重读suchaˈcuriousˈshapesuchˈquantitiesofˈwood如果后面的词不可能重时,则重读suchˈSuchathingshouldˈneverhaveˈhappened.副词so在thinkso,doso等词组里不重读Iˈthinkso.Iˈdidn'tˈsayso.Iˈbelieveso.ˈWhoˈtoldyoutoˈdoso
副词so,now,then用来在语气上连接上下文时,不重读Soheˈwentintotheˈgarden.Nowˈlistentomeˈcarefully.Thenˈdon'tforˈgettoˈwritetomeafteryouarˈrivethere.
某些插入语不须重读I'maˈfraidhe'sˈnotˈcoming.He'sˈnotˈcoming,I'mafraid.ˈPleaseˈsitˈdown.ˈSitˈdown,please.Heˈsaid,“I'mˈsorry.”“I'mˈsorry,”hesaid.One作为数词要重读,但用作代词时不重读ˈThat'saˈgoodone.ˈHowaretheˈlittleonesYou'veˈgottheˈwrongone,ˈIwanttheˈgreenone.
二、语调
在英语说话和朗读时不但要注意句子的重读、音的长度、音的变化,而且很重要的是要注意句子或短语的语调在英语中通过语调的高低、句子重读、音的长度,使语言表达丰富多彩,声情并茂。
英语语调或升或降,或高或低,一般落在短语或句子的最后一个重音上。
可以将英语语调归纳为四种:
降调升调平调降升调
用降调的句型1.陈述句
Thankyou.Notatall.
You'requiteright.
I'mafraidImustbeoff.
2.特殊疑问句
WhattimecanIseeyou?
What'sthematterwithyou
3.祈使句
Comein.Closethedoor.
Fetchmemygloves.
Pleasedropinanytimeyoulike.
Hurryuporwe'llmissthetrain.
4.感叹句
Whatahotday!
Isn'titlovely!
用升调的句型1.一般疑问句
Haveyoubeenstayingherelong?
Areyoufreetomorrowmorning?
Isthislessontoodifficult
2.祈使句表示很婉转和客气的请求,祈使句有时也可以一般疑问句的形式出现
Won'tyoutakeaseat
Shallwegotothediningroom
3.陈述句有些陈述句包含不肯定、疑惑、安慰、抱歉、无能为力、轻蔑、不在乎、不耐烦,以及其他一些没有直接表达出来的情绪时,用升调
Ican'twaitthatlong.
Ithoughteverythingwouldbeallright.
I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.上述某些情绪,如不肯定、疑惑、轻蔑、无可奈何等,也可以用降升调,情绪更为强烈
语调群1.升调在前,降调在后。
选择疑问句,要求回答者选择任何一个
Doyoupreferteaorcoffee
Ishestillhereorhashegonehomealready?
以状语或状语从句开始的句子
Atteno'clockinthemorningthecontestbegan.计数或点东西
achair,atable,abedandadesk
2.降调在前,升调在后。
反意疑问句,表示说话人有一些疑惑,要肯定以下自己的看法
Youwenttotheconcertyesterday,didn'tyou?
Heworksinabankintown,doesn'the?
前面是陈述句,后面有一个表示不肯定或有疑虑的附加语
It'sgoingtorain,I'mafraid.在句末称呼人时,用升调
Tellmethetruth,George.
3.前后都是降调反意疑问句,这类反意疑问句疑问成分很少,答案无疑已经知道
It'safined