当代语言学导论 课文重点 重点词汇 考试内容 课后习题答案.docx

当代语言学导论 课文重点 重点词汇 考试内容 课后习题答案.docx

《当代语言学导论 课文重点 重点词汇 考试内容 课后习题答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《当代语言学导论 课文重点 重点词汇 考试内容 课后习题答案.docx（45页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

当代语言学导论课文重点重点词汇考试内容课后习题答案

当代语言学导论课文重点重点词汇考试内容课后习题答案

1.Humansuperiorityliesinhisuniqueendowment天赋—theabilitytotalk,orrather,to

communicatebymeansoflanguage.

2.Languageisavehicleofpower,forcontrol,forcreation.Andforchange.

3.Thestudyofhumanlanguageiscalledlinguistics.

4.Languageisthesystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructured

arrangementofsounds（ortheirwrittenrepresentation）intolargerunits,e.g.morphemes,

words,sentences,utterances.

5.Varietiesoflanguage:

Anyparticularlanguageisinessenceasetofvarieties.Therearelocal

varieties区域变体–dialectsandaccents（theformerdifferfromeachotherinpronunciation,

socialvarieties—sociolectsvocabulary,andevengrammar;thelatteronlyinpronunciation）,

社会方言（=socialdialects,usedbypeopleofdifferentclasses,ages,orsexes）,historical

varieties—registers语域（e.g.formalEnglish,scientificEnglish）,andevenindividual

varieties—idiolects个人语言.Usuallyalanguagehasanofficiallydeclaredorgenerally

consideredstandarddialect（e.g.PutonghuainChina,GeneralAmericanintheUS）

6.Prescriptivismistheviewthatonevarietyoflanguagehasaninherentlyhighervaluethan

others.

7.Descriptivismisthepolicyofdescribinglanguagesastheyareboundtoexist.Usagesof

differentvarietiesshouldbeobservedandrecordedinsteadofbeingjudgedwithsome

imposednorms.

8.Plato’sproblem:

Howcaneveryhumanbeingdeveloparichsystemoflinguisticknowledge

onthebasisoflimitedandfragmentaryempiricalevidence?

9.Platoheldthattherewasauniversallycorrectandacceptablelogicoflanguageformanto

followinexpressinghisideas.

10.Aristotlearguedthatknowledgeoflanguagewasarrivedatbyconventionandagreementof

thespeakersofagivenlanguage.

11.InancientChina,XunZireasonedthatanamewasacceptedthroughpublicagreement,and

theappropriatenessofnamingathinglayinconvention.

12.AccordingtoChomsky,knowledgeoflanguageistheresultofinteractionofUGandlater

experience.

13.（Ferdinandde）Saussureadvocatedthediversionofthefocusoflinguisticstudyfrom

diachronictosynchronic.

14.Chomsky’sepistemologyoftheknowledgeoflanguagefoesasfollows:

1）Everyhumanbeinghasthelanguagecompetence能力,becausehehastheinbornUG

whichotherspecieslack.

2）UGistheinitialstateofthehumanlanguagefaculty语言器官/机制whichalonecannot

enableahumanbabytospeak.Ababyneedstobeexposedtothelinguistic

environmentofacertainlanguageandaccumulateexperience.

3）Duetotheeffectoflaterexperience,thebaby’sminddevelopsfromtheinitialstateinto

thesteadystate,whichcorrespondstothecompetenceofspeakingaspecifichuman

language.

15.Behaviorists’orempiricists’opinionsareidentical统一的，同一的withAristotle’s.

16.Connectionism/emergentismarguesthatthementalneuralmechanismsresponsiblefor

bothlexicalandgrammaticalprocessingarenotuniquetolanguage.17.diachronic:

focusonthecomparisonbetweenlanguagesandtheexplorationofthehistorical

changeandvariationofsomeancientlanguages./of,relatingto,ordealingwithphenomena

（asoflanguageorculture）astheyoccurorchangeoveraperiodoftime18.synchronic:

researchofthefactsoflanguageagreeduponorsharedbyhemembersof

languagecommunityatagivenpointintime./concernedwitheventsexistinginalimited

timeperiodandignoringhistoricalantecedents

19.Galileanthesis”natureisperfect”

20.Fossilizationisaprocessinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartof

thewayapersonspeaksasecondlanguage.

21.Threeadequacies:

observationaladequacy

descriptiveadequacy

explanatoryadequacy（provideadescriptivelyadequategrammarforeverynaturallanguage,

anddoessointermsofmaximallyconstrainedsetofuniversalprincipleswhichrepresent

psychologicallyplausiblenaturalprinciplesofmentalcomputation.）22.Atheoryinsciencemustnotbepurespeculationbuttestableatobservational,descriptive,

andexplanatorylevels.

23.Sciencetellsusthatnatureisaphysicalcontinuum连续体,whichdoesnotbreakitselfinto

physics,chemistry,psychology,linguistics…;thesedisciplines学科arenotfactsbutour

decisions.

24.Platoassertedthattherewasa”legislator”whogavethecorrect,naturalnameto

everything,andlanguagesbelongedtostatesbutnottoindividuals.25.J.G.Herderpointedoutthatbabies’cryisasortofnaturalsounds,whichcouldnever

developintoalanguage.

26.AcornerstoneofscienceisGalilean’sintuitionthatnatureisperfect.

27.SirWilliamJohnsfirstproposedthatalanguageinSouthAsiabearelativeofmanyEuropean

languages.

28.TheoriginoflanguageasatopicwasbannedbytheLinguisticSocietyofParisfoundedin

1866.

29.Inaccordancewiththethreephasesjustmentioned,phoneticsisdividedintothree

sub-fields.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesspeechproductionbythespeech

organs;acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesphysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,the

waysoundstravelfromthespeakertothehearer;andauditoryphonetics听觉语音学

studiestheperceptionofspeechsoundsinthehumanauditoryandcognitivesystem.30.A“sound”peoplesaytheyproduceisactuallyacombinationofsoundscalledasyllable,

whichisoftenrelatedtoachestpulse.

31.Theplaceofarticulationreferstothepointinthevocaltractatwhichthemainclosureor

narrowingismadesoastomodifytheflowofairfromthechesttothemouthinproducinga

sound.

32.Themannerofarticulationreferstothetypeofconstriction收缩ormovementthatoccurs

atanyplaceofarticulation.

33.Theproductionofdifferentspeechsoundsthroughtheuseoftheseorgansisknownas

articulation.

34.Vibration颤动

35.Adam’sapplearea喉结

36.Consonantsaresoundsmadebyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingfromwhich

aircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction摩擦,andvowelsaresoundsinwhich

thereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelarynxtothelips.37.Bilabial双唇音,formedbybringingthelipstogether,e.g.[p],[m].Herethefunctionof

lipsissomewhatcomplicated:

theybothcanberegardedastheactiveandpassive

articulatorssimultaneously.

38.Labio-dental唇齿音,formedbythelowerlipagainsttheupperteeth,e.g.[f].39.Dental齿音,formedbyplacingthetipofthetongueagainsttheupperteeth,e.g.[ð].

40.Alveolar齿龈音,formedbyplacingthetiporbladeofthetongueagainstthealveolarridge,

e.g.[t].

41.Palatal腭音,formedbythefrontofthetongueagainstthehardpalate,namely,theroofof

themouth,e.g.[j].

42.Palato-alveolar腭龈音,formedmidwaybetweentheplacesofarticulationforpalatalsand

alveolars:

theblade（andsometimesthetip）ofthetonguearticulateswiththealveolar

ridge,withasimultaneousraisingofthefrontofthetonguetowardsthehardpalate,e.g.

[?

].

43.Velar软腭音,formedbythebackofthetongueagainstthesoftpalate,e.g.[k].44.Glottal声门音,formedbythevocalcordscomingtogethertocauseaclosureorfriction,e.g.

[h].

45.Retrofle卷舌音,formedwhentheapexofthetongueiscurledbackinthedirectionofthe

hardpalate,asheardinmanyIndianEnglishaccents.

46.Uvular小舌音,formedbythebackofthetongueagainsttheuvula,asheardinsomeaccents

ofFrench.

47.Pharyngeal咽音,formedinthepharynx,thepartofthethroatabovethelarynx.Specifically,

thefrontwallofthepharynxarticulateswiththebackwall,asheardinArabic.48.Organsinthevocaltract,suchasthelips,teeth,orhardpalate,arecalledarticulators.

49.Consonantsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtothemannerofarticulation,concerningwhich

phoneticianstendtoconsiderseveralfactors.

50.Thefirstfactoristhedegreeoftheconstrictionofairflow.Atleastsixmainclassescanbe

distinguishedinEnglish:

51.Plosive爆破音,formedbycompletelyclosingtheairpassageandsuddenlyremovingthe

obstacle,sothattheairescapesmakinganexplosivesound,e.g.[p],[d].Itbelongsto

abroadercategorycalled“stop”whichincludesclosuresproducedbyairstreamsnotfrom

thelungs,asencounteredinsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.

52.Nasal鼻音,formedwiththesoftpalatelowered,thusallowingairtoresonateinthenose,

e.g.[m].

53.Affricate塞擦音,aconsonantwhichstartsasaplosive,butinsteadofendingwithplosion,

endswithafricativemadeinthesameplace,e.g.[t?

].

54.Liquid流音,formedbysomeobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth,whichseemsnot

enoughtocauseanyrealconstrictionorfriction,e.g.[l],[r].[l]iscalledalateralliquid,

becauseinmakingit,anobstacleisplacedinthemiddleofthemouth,leavingtheairfreeto

escapeatoneorbothsides.

55.Fricative擦音,formedbyanarrowingoftheairpassageatsomepointsothattheairin

escapingmakesaudiblefrication.e.g.[f],[z].Somefricativesarealsocalledsibilants齿擦

音,whicharemadewithagroove-likestructureinthefrontpartofthetongue,producinga

kindofhissingsound,e.g.[s],[?

].

56.Glide滑音,sometimescalledsemi-vowelbecauseitistypicallyproducedwiththetongue

moving,or“gliding”,toorfromthepositionofanearbyvowel,e.g.[h],[w].57.Thesecondfactorisvoicing.Voiceiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.

58.Thethirdfactorisaspiration.Thisisthesoundofairrushingthroughthevocaltract,usually

foundafterthereleaseofplosiveconsonantsinsomesituation.

59.Differentvowel