银行系统公开招聘考试英语阅读理解一文档格式.docx
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andchildhoodtalessuchasCinderellaandGoldilocks.Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.
Themultiplicationtables（乘法口诀表）areanexceptiontothegeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.
Thelawofoverlearningexplainswhycramming（突击学习）foranexamination,thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning,ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'
sfuturedevelopment.（分数：
20.00）
（1）.Whatisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?
∙A.Cramming.
∙B.RevisionofKnowledge.
∙C.Overlearning.
∙D.PracticeMakesPerfect.
（分数：
4.00）
A.
B.
C.
√
D.
解析：
[解析]文章中反复出现了关键词“overlearning”，超量学习，可见这是本文最为重要的内容。
而第一段提到有些我们童年学过的东西，即使多年没有练习还没有忘记，“A．cramming”是部分观点．所以C正确。
（2）.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?
∙A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.
∙B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.
∙C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.
∙D.Storiesforchildrenarceasytoremember.
A.
C.
[解析]从第一段的“Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearned…”可以看出人们对童年所学的东西印象深刻，而接下来具体举了游泳、骑自行车及讲故事的例子。
B、C和D的内容文中没有涉及。
（3）.Theauthorexplainsthelawofoverlearningby______.
∙A.presentingresearchfindings
∙B.settingdowngeneralrules
∙C.makingacomparison
∙D.usingexamples
D.
[解析]第二段是对“overlearning”的解释，在第三段则提供了具体的例子来说明，他既没有提供科学研究发现，也没有定下一般规则或者做比较，所以D正确。
（4）.Accordingtotheauthor,beingabletousemultiplicationtablesis______.
∙A.aresultofoverlearning
∙B.aspecialcaseofcramming
∙C.askilltodealwithmathproblems
∙D.abasicsteptowardsadvancedstudies
[解析]尽管数学乘法表是超量学习的一个例子，但它又是这个规律的例外（第四段），即人们不会把它记得长久，相反，会很快遗忘。
作者没有提到这是一个突击学习或者学数学的方法，因此A正确。
（5）.Whatistheauthor'
sopiniononcramming?
∙A.Itleadstofailureincollegeexams.
∙B.It'
shelpfulonlyinalimitedway.
∙C.It'
spossibletoresultinpoormemory.
∙D.Itincreasesstudents'
learninginterest.
B.
[解析]态度题。
作者说到“…isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse…”尽管如此，它在某些时候还是有用的，比如，对于“futuredevelopment”，可以有适量的突击学习，因为它可以让“astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination”，通过考试，所以选B。
Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.
Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.
Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch"
captive"
shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'
sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.
Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'
scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'
satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."
Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?
"
asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.
Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'
snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'
sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?
Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.（分数：
（1）.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause______.
∙A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition
∙B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination
∙C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist
∙D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat
[解析]根据文章第二段，支持者认为“Anythreatofmonopoly，theyargue，isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks”意思是“因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。
”所以C最符合文章的意思。
D把主语和宾语弄反了，不是支持者的观点，所以是错误的。
（2）.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'
attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?
∙A.Indifferent.
∙B.Supportive.
∙C.Indignant.
∙D.Apprehensive.
[解析]本题问的是货主的态度，要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。
从题干关键词“shipper，attitude”（第二段）和“Manycaptiveshipperalsoworry…”（第五段）可以判断出货主的态度是“忧虑的”，对未来的状况“忧心忡忡”，所以D正确。
（3）.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that______.
∙A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad
∙B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide
∙C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief
∙D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness
[解析]A正好与原文意思相反，B缺乏事实依据，因为文中说绝大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但并不是只剩下一家公司，所以不对；
文章里说到，“货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以申诉，但是因为申诉的过程耗时费钱，只有在极端的情况下才会这么做”，所以C正确。
D的说法缺乏依据。
（4）.Theword"
arbiters"
（Line6,Paragraph4）mostprobablyreferstothose______.
∙A.whoworkascoordinators
∙B.whofunctionasjudges
∙C.whosupervisetransactions
∙D.whodeterminetheprice
[解析]词义题。
arbiter：
仲裁者。
第四段的最后一句“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?
”表述的内容已在前一句已经出现，可得出答案为B。
D虽有“determine”一词，但意思表达不完整。
（5）.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby______.
∙A.thecontinuingacquisition
∙B.thegrowingtraffic
∙C.thecheeringWallStreet
∙D.theshrinkingmarket
[解析]本题考察考生对因果关系的把握。
通过关键词“costincrease，causedby”来判断，最后一段第一句话提到：
许多“受制”客户担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的费率大涨价，即使这样，铁路公司为了并购还在借很多的资金。
所以，A正确。
B并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，C、D没有依据，是错误的。
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"
allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing."
Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.
Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals--nomeat,nofur,nomedicines,Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,"
ThenIwouldhavetosayyes."
Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,"
Don'
tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers."
Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'
tunderstand.
Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway-inhumanterms
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