常用微生物学专业名词词汇表.docx

常用微生物学专业名词词汇表.docx

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常用微生物学专业名词词汇表

常用微生物学专业名词词汇表

activeimmunity（主动免疫）:

Immunityacquiredthroughdirectstimulationoftheimmunesystembyantigen.

activetransport（主动运输）:

Transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient（fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration）withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.

Alcoholfermentation（乙醇发酵）：

istheformationofalcoholfromsugar.Yeast,whenunderanaerobicconditions,convertglucosetopyruvicacidviatheglycolysispathways,thengoonestepfarther,convertingpyruvicacidintoethanol,aC-2compound.

aerobe（好氧微生物）:

Amicroorganismthatlivesandgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen（O2）.

aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）:

FromAspergillusflavust,amycotoxinthattypicallypoisonsmoldyanimalfeedandcancauselivercancerinhumansandotheranimals.

AIDS（爱滋病）:

AcquiredImmunedeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelatephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）infection.

Amestest（艾姆氏实验）:

Amethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicagentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteria

anabolism（合成代谢）:

Theenergyconsumingprocessofincorporatingnutrientsintoprotoplasmthroughbiosynthesis.

anaerobe（厌氧微生物）:

Amicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.

antibiotic（抗生素）:

Achemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.

antibody（抗体）:

Alargeproteinmoleculeevokedinresponsetoanantigenthatinteractsspecificallywiththatantigen.

antigen（抗原）:

Anycell,particle,orchemicalthatinducesaspecificimmuneresponsebyBcellsorTcellsandcanstimulateresistancetoaninfectionoratoxin.

antigenicdeterminant（抗原决定基）:

Theprecisemoleculargroupofanantigenthatdefinesitsspecificityandtriggerstheimmuneresponse.

antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:

Asubstancesuchasadrugthatcompeteswith,substitutesfor,orinterfereswithanormalmetabolite.

antiseptic（防腐剂）：

Agrowth-inhibitingagentusedontissuestopreventinfection.

antiserum（抗血清）：

Antibody-richserumderivedfromthebloodofanimals（deliberatelyimmunizedagainstinfectiousortoxicantigen）orfrompeoplewhohaverecoveredfromspecificnfections.

antitoxin（抗毒素）：

Globulinfractionofserumthatneutralizesaspecifictoxin.Alsoreferstothespecificantitoxinantibodyitself.

arthrospore（节孢子）：

Afungalsporeformedbytheseptationfragmentationofhyphae.

ascospore（子囊）：

Asporeformedwithinasaclikecell（ascus）ofAscomycotafollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.

asepsis（无菌）：

Aconditionfreeofviablepathogenicmicroorganisms.

autoantibody（自身抗体）：

An"anti-selfantibodyhavinganffinityfortissueantigensofthesubjectinwhichitisformed.

autoantigen（自身抗原）：

Moleculesthatareinherentlypartofselfbutareperceivedbytheimmunesystemasforeign

autoimmunedisease（自身免疫疾病）：

Thepathologicconditionarisingfromtheproductionofantibodiesagainstautoantigens.Example:

rheumatoidarthritis.Alsocalledautoimmunity

bacteriophage（噬菌体）：

Avirusthatspecificallyinfectsbacteria.

bacteriostatic（抑菌）：

Anyprocessoragentthatinhibitsbacterialgrowth.

binaryfission（二分裂）：

Theformationoftwonewcellsofapproximatelyequalsizeastheresultofparentcelldivision.

Blymphocyte（Bcell）：

Awhitebloodcellthatgivesrisetoplasmacellsandantibodies.

broadspectrum（广谱）：

Awordtodenotedrugsthataffectmanydifferenttypesofbacteria,bothgram-positiveandgram-negative.

Capsid（衣壳）：

Theproteincoveringofavirus'snucleicacidcore.Capsidsexhibitsymmetryduetotheregulararrangementofsubunitscalledcapsomers.

capsomer（衣壳粒）：

Asubunitoftheviruscapsidshapedasatriangleordisc.

capsule（荚膜）：

Inbacteria,theloose,gel-likecoveringorslimemadechieflyofsimplepolysaccharides.Thislayerisprotectiveandcanbeassociatedwithvirulence.

Catabolism（分解代谢）：

Thechemicalbreakdownofcomplexcompoundsintosimplerunitstobeusedincellmetabolism.

cell-mediatedimmune（细胞介导免疫）：

ThetypeofimmuneresponsesbroughtaboutbyTcells,suchascytotoxic,suppressor,andhelpereffects.

chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：

Anorganismthatreliesuponinorganicchemicalsforitsenergyandcarbondioxideforitscarbon.Alsocalledachemolithotraph

chemotaxis（趋化性）：

Thetendencyoforganismstomoveinresponsetoachemicalgradient（towardanattractantortoavoidadversestimuli）.

Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：

Theuseofchemicalsubstancesordrugstotreatorpreventdisease.

Chitin（几丁质）：

Apolysaccharidesimilartocelluloseinchemicalstructure.Thispolymermakesupthehomysubstanceoftheexoskeletonsofarthropodsandcertainfungi

complement（补体）：

Inimmunology,serumproteincomponentshatactinadefinitesequencewhensetinmotioneitherbyanantigen-antibodycomplexorbyfactorsofthealternative（properdin）pathway.

Conldia（分生孢子）：

Asexualfungalsporesshedasfreeunitsfromthetipsoffertilehyphae.Conjugation（接合）：

Inbacteria,thecontactbetweendonorandrecipientcellsassociatedwiththetransferofgeneticmaterialsuchasplasmids.Caninvolvespecial（sex）pili.Alsoaformofsexualrecombinationinciliatedprotozoans.

Colony（菌落）：

Amacroscopicclusterofcellsappearingonasolidmedium,eacharisingfromthemultiplicationofasinglecell.

Contaminant（污染物）：

Animpurity;anyundesirablematerialororganism.

Culture（培养物）：

Thevisibleaccumulationofmicroorganismsinoronanutrientmedium.Also,thepropagationofmicroorganismswithvariousmedia.curd

differentialmedium（鉴别培养基）：

Asinglesubstratethatdiscriminatesbetweengroupsofmicroorganismsonthebasisofdifferencesintheirappearanceduetodifferentchemicalreactions.

differentialstain（鉴别染色）：

Atechniquethatutilizestwodyestodistinguishbetweendifferentmicrobialgroupsorcellpartsbycolorreaction.

Disinfection（消毒）：

Thedestructionofpathogenicnonsporulatingmicrobesortheirtoxins,usuallyoninanimatesurfaces.

ELISA（酶联免疫）：

Abbreviationforenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay,averysensitiveserologicaltestusedtodetectantibodiesindiseasessuchasAIDS。

endospore（芽孢）：

Asmall,dormant,resistantderivativeofabacterialcellthatgerminatesunderfavorablegrowthconditionsintoavegetativecell.ThebacterialgeneraBacillusandClostridiimaretypicalsporeformers.

endotoxin（内毒素）：

Abacterialintracellulartoxinthatisnotordinarilyreleased（asisexotoxin）.Endotoxiniscomposedofaphospholipid-polysaccharidecomplexthatisanintegralpartofgram-negativebacterialcellwalls.Endotoxinscancausesevereshockandfever.

enrichedmedium（加富培养基）：

Anutrientmediumsupplementedwithblood,serum,orsomegrowthfactortopromotethemultiplicationoffastidiousmicroorganisms.

envelopedvirus（包膜病毒）：

Aviruswhosenucleocapsidisenclosedbyamembranederivedinpartfromthehostcell.Itusuallycontainsexposedglycoproteinspikesspecificforthevirus.essentialnutrient（必须营养）：

Anyingredientsuchasacertainaminoacid,fattyacid,vitamin,ormineralthatcannotbeformedbyanorganismandmustbesuppliedinthediet.Agrowthfactor.eucaryoticcell（真核细胞）：

Acellthatdiffersfromaprocaryoticcellchieflybyhavinganuclearmembrane（awell-definednucleus）,membrane-boundsubcellularorgandies,andmitoticcelldivision.

Exotoxin（外毒素）：

Atoxin（usuallyprotein）thatissecretedandactsuponaspecificcellulartarget.Examples:

botulin,tetanospasmin,diphtheriatoxin,anderythrogenictoxin.

Facultative（兼性的）：

Pertainingtothecapacityofmicrobestoadaptoradjusttovariations;notobligate.Example:

Thepresenceofoxygenisnotobligatoryforafacultativeanaerobetogrow.

Fermentation（发酵）：

Theextractionofenergythroughanaerobicdegradationofsubstratesintosimpler,reducedmetabolites.Inlargeindustrialprocesses,fermentationcanmeananyuseofmicrobialmetabolismtomanufactureorganicchemicalsorotherproducts.

Flagellum（鞭毛）--Hair-likestructureattachedtoacell,usedforlocomotioninmanyprotistsandprokaryotes.Theprokaryoticflagellumdiffersfromtheeukaryoticflagelluminthattheprokaryoticflagellumisasolidunitcomposedprimarilyoftheproteinflagellin,whiletheeukaryoticflagellumiscomposedofseveralproteinstrandsboundbyamembrane,anddoesnotcontainflagellin.Theeukaryoticflagellumissometimesreferredtoasanundulipodium.

Genotype（表型）：

Thegenotypeisultimatelyresponsibleforanorganism'sphototype,orexpressedcharacteristics.

Glycolysis（糖酵解）：

Theenergy-yieldingbreakdown（fermentation）ofglucosetopyruvicorlacticacid.Itisoftencalledanaerobicglycolysisbecausenomolecularoxygenisconsumedinthedegradation.

Gramstain（革兰氏染色）：

Adifferentialstainforbacteriausefulinidentificationandtaxonomy.Gram-positiveorganismsappearpurplefromcrystalviolet-mordantretention;whereasgram-negativeorganismsappearredafterlossofcrystalvioletandabsorbanceofthesafranincounterstain.

Granulocyte（粒细胞）：

AmatureleukocytethatcontainsnoticeabtegranulesinaWrightstain.Examples:

neutrophils,eoainophils,andbasophils.

growthfactor（生长因子）：

Anorganiccompoundsuchasavitaminoraminoacidthatmustbeprovidedinthediettofacilitategrowth.Anessentialnutrient.

Halophlle（嗜盐菌）：

Amicrobewhosegrowthiseitherstimulatedbysaltorrequiresahighconcentrationofsaltforgrowth.

Hantigen（H-抗原）：

Theflagellarantigenofmotilebacteria.HcomesfromtheGermanwordhauchthatdenotestheappearanceofspeadinggrowthonsolid.

helperTcell（辅助T-细胞）：

Aclassofthymus-atimulatedlymphocytesthatfacilitatevariousimmuneactivitiessuchasassistingBcellsandmacrophages.AlsocalledaThelpercell.

Heterotroph（异养菌）：

Anorganismthatreliesuponorganiccompoundsforitscarbonandenergy