胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1.docx

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1.docx

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胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表

1.语言的普遍特征：

任意性arbitrariness

双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构

多产性productivity

移位性displacement:

我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西

文化传播性culturaltransmission

2。

语言的功能：

传达信息功能informative

人济功能：

interpersonal

行事功能：

Performative

表情功能：

Emotive

寒暄功能：

Phatic

娱乐功能recreatinal

元语言功能metalingual

3.语言学linguistics：

包括六个分支

语音学Phonetics

音位学phonology

形态学Morphology

句法学syntax

语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics

4.现代结构主义语言学创始人：

Ferdinanddesaussure

提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：

语言与言语languageandparole，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语

5.语法创始人：

NoamChomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformance

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:

a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguage

b.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.

c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresent

d.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.

2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

a.interpersonal

b.phatic

c.informative

d.metallingual

3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?

"is__

ainformative

b.phatic

c.directive

d.performative

4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__

asaussure

b.halliday

c.chomsky

d.thepragueschool

5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?

a.saussure

b.chomsky

c.halliday

danomymous

第二节语音学

1.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成

2.辅音consonant：

thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.

3.辅音的发音方式

爆破音completeobstruction

鼻音nasals

破裂音plosives

部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction

擦音fricatives

破擦音affricates等

4.辅音清浊特征voicing

辅音的送气特征aspiration

5.元音vowel

分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状

6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglides

1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.

a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech

b.theperceptionofsounds

c.thecombinationofsounds

d.theproductionofsounds

2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__

a.theplaceofarticulation

b.theobstructionfairstream

c.thepositionofthetongue

d.theshapeofthelips

3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:

p,kt

a.voiceless

b.spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?

a.voicing

b.aspiration

c.roundness

d.nasality

5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?

a.voicing

b.nasal

c.approximation

d.aspiration

6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__

a.voicedstop

b.voicelessstop

c.voicedfricative

d.voicelessfricative

7.pisdivverentfromkin__

a.themannerofarticulation

b.theshapeofthelips

c.thevibrationofthevocalcords

d.thepalceofarticualtion

8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__

a.aspiration

b.nasality

c.obstruction

d.voicing

第三节音位学phonology

1.音位学与语音学的区别：

语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

2.音位phoneme：

最小语音单位

3.音位变体allophones:

读音差别

4.对比性分布：

如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，

5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首

6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda

7.辅音群:

一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个

8.最小语音对minimalpairs

I.Introduction

1.WhatisLanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.WhatisLinguistics（语言学）

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3.SomeBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguistics

3.1SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprinciple（原则）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.

3.2Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（说明性）

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.

3.3Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）Studies

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

3.4Langue（语言）andParole（言语）

ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized（实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.

3.5Competence（能力）andPerformance（行为）

Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances（发声）.

4.TheScopeofLinguistics

Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics（语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

Phonology（音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.

Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.

Syntax（句法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.

Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.

HistoricalLinguistics（历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.

Anthropologicallinguistics（人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

Mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

Computationallinguistics（计算语言学）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.

II.Phonetics（语音学）

1.scopeofphonetics

Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate（协调）intheprocess.

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated（调节）bytheear,theauditorynerve（神经）andthebrain.

Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.

2.Thevocalorgans

Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,（气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）

3.Consonants（辅音）

Placesofarticulation（发音部位）:

bilabial,（双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal（声门）

Mannersofarticulation:

plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）

4.Vowels（元音）

Theclassificationofvowels:

theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）

III.Phonology（音韵学）

1.phonemes（音素）：

adistinctive（有区别的）soundinalanguage.

2.Allophones（音位变体）：

Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.

3.Minimalpairs（最小对立体）：

wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.

4.Freevariation（自由变异）：

Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment（环境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.

5.Complementarydistribution（补充分类）：

Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.

6.Suprasegmentalphonology（超音段音位）：

thestudyofphonologicalproperties（

性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable（音节），stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.

IV.Morphology（词法）

1.inflection（构形法）：

thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.（屈折词缀）

2.Word-formation（构词）：

theprocesses（过程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound（合成）andderivation（派生）.

3.Morpheme（词素）：

thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

4.Allomorph（同质异象变体）：

somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.

5.Typesofmorphemes:

Theyareroots,（词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.

6.Lexicon（语言词汇）：

initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.

7.Closed-classwords（封闭性）andopen-classwords（开放性）：

theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple（实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.

8.Wordclass（词性）：

Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.

9.Lexeme（词位）：

thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.

10.Idiom（习语，成语）：

Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords（词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically（句法上）restricted.（限制）

11.Collocation（搭配）：

thehabitual（习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.

V.Syntax（句法）

1.Positionalrelationorwordorder（词序）：

thesequential（顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.

2.Constructionorconstituent（句子结构）：

theoverallprocessofinternal（内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.

3.Syntacticfunction（句法功能）：

therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,（修饰语）complements（补语）,etc.

4.Catego