跨文化交际unit4.docx

跨文化交际unit4.docx

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跨文化交际unit4

Unit4词汇与意义

⏹教学内容：

⏹

（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。

⏹

（2）中英词汇对比

⏹基本要求：

⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。

重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。

Importance

⏹Ifwewanttostudythedifferencebetweentwolanguages,wehavetobeginwiththestudyofthewordsinthetwolanguages.Becausethecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureismostreadilyseeninwords.

Section1Typesofmeanings

⏹1.Conceptualmeaning概念意义

⏹thebasicmeaningpresentedbyaword.Itreferstological,cognitive（认知的）,referential（指示的）,ordenotative（外延的）content.

⏹alsoknownassurfacemeaningordenotativemeaning外延意义,dictionarymeaningorliteralmeaning字面意义ofaword.

FeaturesofConceptualmeaning概念意义

⏹1.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.Itisthebasicmeaningrepresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.It’srecordedinthedictionary.

⏹E.g.woman-anadultfemalehumanbeing.

⏹Dog-afour-leggedanimalwhichcanmakethesoundofbarking

⏹2.Itcanbedividedintosomesemanticcomponents（语义成

⏹分）.

⏹Woman:

+animate（有生命）+human（人）-male（男性）-adult（成年）I

⏹boy：

⏹3.Itisrelativelyconstantandstable,becauseitisthemeaningagreeduponbyallthemembersofthesamespeechcommunity.Butitmayalsovary.

⏹Manuscript=“手稿”nowalsoincluding文稿printedfromtypewriterorcomputer

Note:

Manydifferentwordscanhavethesameconceptualmeaning

⏹walk

⏹tomoveforwardbyplacingonefootinfrontoftheother.　Thenewlyweds新婚夫妇strolleddown漫步thestreetsofParis.

⏹Thewealthybusinessmanswaggered大摇大摆地intotherestaurantanddemandedatable.

Theoverweightmanlumbered笨重地行动along,breathingheavilyandoccasionallytripping.

⏹Thesesynonyms,althoughwithdifferentconnotativemeanings内涵意义,havethesameconceptualmeaning.

TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishculture

⏹A.wordsrelatedwithgeography

⏹e.g.NewEngland,Canberra,NorthernIreland,Sydney,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,Quebec,Ottawa,

⏹TheThamesRiver,St.Lawrence,BritishIsles,TheRockyMountains（落基山脉）,TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,

⏹koala,kangaroo,tornado（龙卷风）

⏹TheGreatBarrierReef,SiliconValley,YellowstonePark,

⏹Summary：

Allthesehavetheirowngeographicalfeatures:

places,plantsandanimalsuniquelyfoundinUSA,GreatBritainandAustralia;Theyallrepresentmeaninguniqueintheirowncultures；TheirChineseequivalentsareonlyusedbytheChinesepeopleasmerenames,whichhavelosttheirdistinctivegeographicalandculturalfeatures.

TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishculture

⏹A.wordsrelatedwithgeography

⏹e.g.

⏹U.S.A:

NewEngland,TheRockyMountains,TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,YellowstonePark,SiliconValley

⏹Britain:

BritishIsles,NorthernIreland,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,TheThamesRiver,Rose

⏹Canada:

Ottawa,Quebec,St.Lawrence,

⏹Australia:

Canberra,Sydney,TheGreatBarrierReef,koala,kangaroo

⏹B.wordsandhistory

⏹theMayFlower

⏹（theshipinwhichagroupof

⏹BritishPuritanswhowerealso

⏹knownaspilgrimfatherssailedto

⏹Americain1620.

⏹Therevolutionarywar

⏹（thestruggleofthe13coloniesinNorthAmericaforindependencefromtheBritishrulebetween1775-1783）

⏹Scalp（头皮）

⏹（toteartheskinonthetopandbackofheadandthehairattachedfromanenemybyanNorthAmericanIndianasatrophy战利品）

⏹

⏹Knight

⏹（amangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishMonarchinrecognitionofmeritsinpublicservice）

⏹Hippy/Hippie

⏹（ayoungmanandyoungwomanwhorejectsauthority,existinginstitutionsandconventionalattitudestowardsmorality,styleofdress,etc.）

⏹C.wordandpolitics

⏹USA:

President,Secretary,Congress,Senate,theHouseofRepresentatives,TheDemocraticParty,TheRepublicanParty,theSupremeCourt

⏹GreatBritain:

Parliament议会:

thesupremelegislativebodyoftheUnitedKingdom.Itcomprisesthesovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关;PrimeMinister,TheConservativeParty,TheLabourParty,SupremeCourtofJudicature司法

⏹Governor行政长官

⏹theofficialtitleoftherepresentativeoftheBritishmonarchinaBritishcolony.

⏹Governorgeneral总督

⏹thepersonalrepresentativeoftheBritishcrownintheindependentnationsofthecommonwealth.

⏹e.g.TheCanadianGovernorGeneral

⏹Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制

⏹amonarchyinwhichthepowersoftherulersarerestrictedtothosegrantedundertheconstitutionandlawsofthenation

D.wordsandreligion

⏹Bible

⏹acollectionofreligiousbookscomprisingtheOldTestamentandNewTestament

⏹reformation:

宗教改革

⏹a16thcenturyreligiousmovementagainsttheabusesintheRomanCatholicChurch,endingintheformationofProtestantChurches.

⏹Christmasbox耶诞礼物或礼金

⏹moneygivenatChristmastimetothedustmenandotherswhoprovideaservicethroughouttheyear.

⏹Boxingday节礼日

⏹thefirstweekdayafterChristmas,alegalholidayinEngland

⏹Easter

⏹thechiefChristianfeast,whichcelebratestheResurrectionofChrist,onthefirstSundayafterthefullmoonthatcoincideswithorcomesafterthespringequinox.

E.wordsandHolidays

Christmascake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stocking

FatherChristmas）,SantaClaus（A）

⏹F.wordsandcurrency

⏹Pound,penny;theAmericandollar,cent,quarter,nickel

⏹G.Wordsandlaw

⏹Court,judge,jury,lawyer,attorney（A）

⏹H.Wordsandwayoflife

⏹SnackBar,roastbeef,hamburger,sandwich,barbecue,cocktail,champagne;pajamas,suite,dress;subway,Greyhoundbus;drive-ins,diner,

⏹I.wordsandsports

⏹Football,soccer,rugby,hockey,cricket

⏹J.wordsandsex

⏹Striptease,sexstore,sexualinterference,prostitute,whorehouse

⏹K.wordsandpersonality

⏹GB:

reserve,practical,insularism偏执

⏹USA：

individualism,rapidpaceoflife,direct,promptness,informality,originality,materialism

EnglishworkspartlycorrespondingwithChinesewordsinconceptualmeaning

⏹1.Intellectual--知识分子

⏹2.socialsciences--社会科学

⏹3.drugstore--药店

⏹[美]杂货店（出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺）

⏹4.Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午

⏹5.Young（18-40）,middle-aged（40-60）,old（over60）-------老中青

⏹Discussion:

discusstheconceptualdifferencesbetweenthewordsineachpair

⏹yard--院子

⏹peasant--农民

⏹idealist-唯心主义者

⏹materialist--唯物主义者

"family"andjiating（家庭）

⏹AnAmerican（A）attendedherChinesefriend's（B）wedding.Twoyearslater,thetwometagain.

⏹A:

Haveyoustartedafamily'!

⏹B:

Oh,yes.Youattendedmywedding,remember?

⏹A:

Imeanifyou'vehadchildren.

⏹Hereweseethat'family'meansmorethanjiating（家庭），thoughtheyseemtobeequivalents.

2.Connotativemeaning内涵意义

⏹theimplication（含义，暗示）ofwords,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.

Itisthecommunicativevaluethatanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Itvariesfromculturetocultureandfromindividualtoindividual

⏹E.g.Woman

⏹Physical:

biped（双足的）,havingawomb（子宫）

⏹Personality:

gentle,compassionate,sensitive,hard-working,frail脆弱的,emotional,pronetotears,irrational,inconstant变化无常的,subjecttomaternalinstinct,behavior:

capableofspeech,experiencedincookery,skirtordresswearing,

⏹Dog

⏹loyaltoowner,fierce凶猛的,violent

FeaturesofConnotativemeaning内涵意义

⏹1.Despiteculturalbackgrounddifference,somecorrespondingwordsintwolanguagesmayconveythesameconnotativemeaning.e.gtiger,老虎--cruelty

⏹E.g.Woman

⏹2.wordswiththesameconceptualmeaningyetdifferentconnotativemeaning

⏹书,book

⏹老，old

⏹同志，comrade

⏹宣传，propaganda

⏹狗，dog

Connotativemeaningsvaryaccordingtodifferentpeople,times,ages,societiesetc.

⏹E.g.Home:

warm,loving,comfortable,safe

⏹likeaprison,cold,boring

⏹终身大事

⏹工作？

事业？

婚姻?

生死？

⏹Connotativemeaningmaychangewiththetimesgoing

⏹E.g.traditional:

positiveinthepast

⏹“old,conservative”atpresent

⏹3.Socialmeaning社会意义

⏹Socialmeaningiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,suchasthelanguageusers（whoareusingthelanguage）,settings（whereislanguageused）,topics（whatarelanguageusersaretalkingorwriting）.

⏹E.g

⏹home（general）,residence（formal）,domicile（law）,abode（literature）,

⏹horse,steed（战马）,nag（老马）,

gee-gee（child）

⏹throw（general）,cast（literatureandreligious）,chuck（slang）

⏹salt,sodiumchloride

⏹disobedient,recalcitrant反抗的

⏹Agoodselectionofwordsisimportant.

Exercise！

⏹Wordswhichstandforwhatpeopledoinordertomakealiving:

job,vocation,profession,occupation,career,trade,work

⏹Profession（anoccupationrequiringspecialeducation,especiallyintheliberalartsorsciences）所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。

通常指脑力劳动。

例如：

theteachingprofession（教书的职业），theprofessionofjournalism（新闻业）。

⏹以前profession专指三种职业：

法律、医药、神学，称作thelearnedprofessions（学者的职业）。

⏹ 而随着技术的发展和职业的细化（occupationalspecialization），渐渐越来越多的职业可以划归到“profession”中，如：

engineers（工程师），educationalists（教育家），accountants（会计）。

现在profession覆盖的范围更大了。

⏹Vocation（theparticularoccupationforwhichyouaretrained）是指经过训练后从事的职业，需要一定职业技能。

vocationaleducation（职业教育），vocationalschool（职业学校）。

⏹ 

⏹Occupation（theprincipalactivityinyourlifethatyoudotoearnmoney）指生活中为了赚钱而从事的主要活动。

我们可以说Byoccupationsheisahousewife.（她的职业就是做家务。

）而occupationaldisease则是职业病。

⏹Trade（theskilledpracticeofapracticaloccupation）更侧重技巧、手艺而非高深的学问、理论等。

如：

carpenter（木匠），barber（理发师）等。

我们说“三十六行”这里的“行”就是trade。

⏹ 

⏹Career（long-termorlifelongjob）指长期的，甚至终身从事的职业。

acareersoldier（职业军人），acareerpolitician（职业政客）。

⏹ 

⏹work它是泛指一切长期从事的职业，不管专业、技巧，不管是否需要学问等等。

“What'syourwork?

”（你做什么工作?

）是最常见的问别人工作的一句话。

⏹ 

⏹Job（aspecificpieceofworkrequiredtobedoneasadutyorforaspecificfee）常指一件具体工作。

Youhavedoneagoodjob．（你做的很好。

）暑期工就可以是asummerjob。

Hisjobistosellnewspapers.（