语言学9.docx

语言学9.docx

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语言学9

LinguisticsChapter9LanguageandLiterature

Teachingobjectives:

thelearnerswillbebetterabletoknowsomegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddrama.

TeachingFocus:

generalfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddrama

TeachingMethods&Strategies:

teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion

TeachingProcedures

1.StyleandStylistics

2.Somegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage

3.Thelanguageinpoetry

4.Thelanguageinfiction

5.Thelanguageindrama

6.Task

1.StyleandStylistics

•Style:

variationinthelanguageuseofanindividual,suchasformal/informalstyle.

•Literarystyle:

waysofwritingemployedinliteratureandbyindividualwriters;thewaythemindoftheauthorexpressesitselfinwords.

•Stylistics“studiesthefeaturesofsituationallydistinctiveuses（varieties）oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.”（Crystal1980）

•1.Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhave‘place’.

•2.Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.

•3.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,includingregionalaccentsandpeople’sdialects,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,suchastheactivevoiceorpassivevoice,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.

Levelsofanalysis

•Soundeffects

•Vocabulary

•Phraseology

•Grammar

•Implicature

2.Somegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage

•The1960dreamofhighriselivingsoonturnedintoanightmare.

•Fourstoreyshavenowindowslefttosmash

Butinthefifthachippedsillbuttresses

Motheranddaughterthelastmistresses

Ofthatblackblockcondemnedtostand,notcrash.

Thered-hairedwoman,smiling,wavingtothedisappearingshore.Sheleftthemaharajah;sheleftinnumerableotherlightso’passingloveintownsandcitiesandtheatresandrailwaystationsallovertheworld.ButMelchiorshedidnotleave.

那位红头发的女士，微笑着，向逐渐消失的海岸挥动着手臂。

她离开了王公；离开了全世界城乡、都市、剧院和火车站的无以计数的短暂恋情。

但是，她没有离开梅尔基奥尔。

2.1Whatis‘foregrounding’?

•Inapurelylinguisticsense,theterm‘foregrounding’isusedtorefertonewinformation,incontrasttoelementsinthesentencewhichformthebackgroundagainstwhichthenewelementsaretobeunderstoodbythelistener/reader.

•Inthewidersenseofstylistics,textlinguistics,andliterarystudies,itisatranslationoftheCzechaktualisace（actualization）,atermcommonwiththePragueStructuralists.

•Inthissenseithasbecomeaspatialmetaphor:

thatofaforegroundandabackground,whichallowsthetermtoberelatedtoissuesinperceptionpsychology,suchasfigure/groundconstellations.

•TheEnglishterm‘foregrounding’hascometomeanseveralthingsatonce:

•the（psycholinguistic）processesbywhich-duringthereadingact-somethingmaybegivenspecialprominence;

•specificdevices（asproducedbytheauthor）locatedinthetextitself.Itisalsoemployedtoindicatethespecificpoeticeffectonthereader;

•ananalyticcategoryinordertoevaluateliterarytexts,ortosituatethemhistorically,ortoexplaintheirimportanceandculturalsignificance,ortodifferentiateliteraturefromothervarietiesoflanguageuse,suchaseverydayconversationsorscientificreports.

•Thusthetermcoversawideareaofmeaning.

•Thismayhaveitsadvantages,butmayalsobeproblematic:

whichoftheabovemeaningsisintendedmustoftenbededucedfromthecontextinwhichthetermisused.

2.2DevicesofForegrounding

•Outsideliterature,languagetendstobeautomatized;itsstructuresandmeaningsareusedroutinely.

•Withinliterature,however,thisisopposedbydeviceswhichthwarttheautomatismwithwhichlanguageisread,processed,orunderstood.

•Generally,twosuchdevicesmaybedistinguished,deviation（偏离）andparallelism（广义的排比）.

•Deviationcorrespondstothetraditionalideaofpoeticlicense:

thewriterofliteratureisallowed-incontrasttotheeverydayspeaker-todeviatefromrules,maxims,orconventions.

•Thesemayinvolvethelanguage,aswellasliterarytraditionsorexpectationssetupbythetextitself.

•Theresultissomedegreeofsurpriseinthereader,andhis/herattentionistherebydrawntotheformofthetextitself（ratherthantoitscontent）.

•Casesofneologism,livemetaphor,orungrammaticalsentences,aswellasarchaisms,paradox,andoxymoron（thetraditionaltropes）areclearexamplesofdeviation.

•Devicesofparallelismarecharacterizedbyrepetitivestructures:

（partof）averbalconfigurationisrepeated（orcontrasted）,therebybeingpromotedintotheforegroundofthereader'sperception.

•Traditionalhandbooksofpoeticsandrhetorichavesurveyedanddescribed（underthecategoryoffiguresofspeech）awidevarietyofsuchformsofparallelism,e.g.,rhyme,assonance（准押韵）,alliteration（头韵）,metre（韵律）,semanticsymmetry（语义对称）,orantistrophe（逆反复）.

2.3Literallanguageandfigurativelanguage

•Friends,RomansandCountrymen,lendmeyourears…

AnthonyinShakespeare’s

JuliusCaesar

1.Simile明喻

O,myluveislikeared,redrose,

That’snewlysprunginJune;

O,myluveislikethemelodie

That’ssweetlyplay’dintune.

RobertBurns（1759-96）

2.Metaphor暗喻

Alltheworld’sastage,

Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;

Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances.

Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,

Hisactsbeingsevenages…

WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）

3.Metonymy转喻

Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;

Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;

SceptreandCrown

Musttumbledown

Andinthedustbeequalmade

WiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.

JamesShirley（1596-1666）

4.Synecdoche提喻

•Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.（partforwhole）

•Haveyouanycoppers?

（materialforthingmade）

•Heisapoorcreature.（genusforspecies）

•HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.（individualforclass）

•Namethekindoftrope（比喻）:

•Theboywasascunningasafox.

•TheyellowriverwasthecradleofChinesecivilization.

•Mozartshowedtalentsformusicfromthecradle.

•Thelackofcohesionofthecompanyaccountedforthebraindrain.

•Metonymy和synecdoche的区别？

•Metonymy中的两个名称的所指属于完全不同的两个事物，只是由于两者总是处于“同现关系”中，才取而代之。

如国王戴着王冠，作家用笔写作，牛奶盛于瓶子里等。

•Synecdoche中的两个名称的所指处于”包含”与“被包含”的关系中。

如“整体”是由“部分”组成，“船”包含“帆”，而“帆”被船所包含。

2.4Analysisofliterarylanguage

•Foregroundingontheleveloflexis

•Foregroundingonthelevelofsyntax:

wordorder,wordgroups,deviantormarkedstructures

•Rewritingforcomparativestudies

•Meaning

•Context

•Figurativelanguage

3.Thelanguageinpoetry

LittleBo-peep

Haslosthersheep

Anddoesn’tknowwheretofindthem

Leavethemalone

Andtheywillcomehome

Wagglingtheirtailsbehindthem

Fairisfoulandfoulisfair

Hoverthroughwindandmurkyair

Hark!

Theheraldangelssing

GlorytothenewbornKing!

Longburnedhairbrushes

Acrossmyfaceitsspider

Silk.Ismelllavender

Cinnamon:

mymother’sclothes

3.1Formsofsoundpatterning

•Rhyme押韵

•Alliteration头韵

•Assonance准押韵

•Consonance辅音韵

•Reverserhyme反韵

•Pararhyme头尾韵

•Repetition重复

•Rhyme:

–twowordsrhymeiftheirfinalstressedvowelandallfollowingsoundsareidentical;

–twolinesofpoetryrhymeiftheirfinalstrongpositionsarefilledwithrhymingwords.

HumptyDumpty鸡蛋胖胖（矮胖的人）

|Humpty|Dumpty|satona|wall

|Humpty|Dumpty|hadagreat|fall

|Alltheking’s|horsesand|alltheking’s|men

|Couldn’tput|Humptyto|gethera|gain

•Alliteration:

repetitionoftheinitialconsonantofaword

–Magazinearticles:

“SciencehasSpoiledmySupper”and“TooMuchTalentinTennessee?

”

–Comic/cartooncharacters:

BeetleBailey,DonaldDuck

–Restaurants:

CoffeeCorner,SushiStation

–Expressions:

busyasabee,deadasadoornail,goodasgold,rightasrain,etc...

–Music:

Blackalicious'“AlphabetAerobics”

•Assonance:

Repetitionofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrasesorsentences

–Thesoundofthegroundisanoun.

–Hearthemellowweddingbells.（Poe）

–Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees（Tennyson）

–Thecrumblingthunderofseas（Stevenson）

–Thatsolitudewhichsuitsabstrusermusings（Coleridge）

–DeadindamiddleoflittleItaly,littledid

weknowthatweriddledsomemiddlemen

whodidn'tdodiddily.（BigPun）

•Consonance:

Therepetitionoftwoormoreconsonantsusingdifferentvowelswithinwords.

–AllmammalsnamedSamareclammy

–Andthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain（Poe）

–Raprejectsmytapedeck,ejectsprojectile/WhetherjeworgentileIranktoppercentile.（Hip-hopmusic）

•Reverserhyme:

CVC

–Coca-Cola;Hoolahoops

–Suchstormscanbringyoutothebrinkofallyoufear

Restorewhatfaithyoucaninfadedhopesandfeel

•Pararhyme（Framerhyme）:

CVC

–Eachsturdysteed-likesoldierrankedthefield

Withfearsomefacesseldomseendefiled

•RichRhyme:

CVC

–Whatdoesitavailyoutoprevailineveryaffair

Whennothingyou’vegainedcanberegainedasspiritualfare

•Repetition:

–“Words,words,words.”（Hamlet）

–“This,itseemedtohim,wastheend,theendofaworldas