English lexicology英语词汇学重点讲解.docx

English lexicology英语词汇学重点讲解.docx

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Englishlexicology英语词汇学重点讲解

Englishlexicology

英语词汇学

Chapter1basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

Classificationofwords

Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheenglishvocabulary

Modesofvocabularydevelopment1150

Chapter3wordformation

Morphemes,allomorphs

Chapter4wordformation2

1.Affixation,prefixationsuffixation,

2.Compounding（characteristicsformation）

3.Conversion,blending,clipping,acronymy

4.Initialisms,acronyms

5.Back-formation,wordsfrompropernames

Chapter5wordmeaning

1.Themeaningsof‘meaning’

2.Reference,concept,sense

3.Motivation（onomatopoeic,morphological,semantic,etymological）

4.Typesofmeaning

Chapter6senserelationsandsemanticfield

Polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy

Chapter7changesinwordmeaning

Extension,narrowing,elevation,degradation

Chapter8meaningandcontext

1.Typesofcontext（extra-linguistic,linguistic）

2.Roleofcontext

a.eliminationofambiguity

b.indicationofreference

c.Provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning

Chapter9englishidioms

1.Classificationofidioms（nominal,adjectival,verbal,adverbial）

2.sentenceanduse

Chapter10englishDictionaries

Typesofdictionary,threegoodDictionary

a.Longmandictionaryofcontemporary

b.CollinsCOBUILDenglishDictionary

c.AChinese-englishDictionary

Unit1

Methodsofstudy,therearegenerallytwoapproachestothestudyofwords,namelysynchronicanddiachronic

Aimsandsignificanceofthecourse

Languagestudyinvolvesthestudyofspeechsounds,grammarandvocabulary.vocabularyhasprovedparticularlyimportantandcertainlythemostdifficult.Willkinsasserts‘withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed’Agoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructureofenglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdevelopetheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.

Vocabulary

Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.

Thetermvocabularyisusedindifferentsenses

1.Itcanreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage

2.Itcanstandsforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod

3.Alsousedtoallthewordsofagivendialect

Classificationofwords

Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin

Basicwordstockhavecharacteristics

1.Allnationalcharacter

2.Stability

3.Productivity

4.Polysemy

5.Collocability

6Neutralinstyle

7Frequentinuse

Wordsvoid（lack）ofthestatedcharacters,donotbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage,theyincludethefollowing:

Terminology术语，专有名词

Jargon

Slang俚语，黑话

Argot

Dialectalwords

Archaisms

Neologisms

Contentwords（=notionalwords）andfunctionwords（=emptywords）

Nativewordsandborrowedwords

Apartfromthecharacteristicsmentionedofthebasicwordstock,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures

Neutralinstyle

Frequentinuse

Borrowingwords:

wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsandloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms

Loanwordsunderfourclasses

Denizens同化词

Aliens异化词

Translation-loans译借词

Semantic-loans借意词

TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily

Whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar,theIndo-Europeisoneofthem.itisthoughttobeahighlyinflectedlanguage

Theyaccordinglyfallintoeightprinciplegroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:

Balto-slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian;aWesternset;Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic

Ahistoricaloverviewoftheenglishvocabulary

ThefirstpeopleknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts

ThesecondmajorlanguageknowninEnglandwastheLatinoftheRomanLegions

450--1150-（Middle）-1500--NOW

Modesofvocabularydevelopment

Wecanconcludedthatmodernenglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels<>creation,semanticchange,borrowing

Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterialsnamelyroots,affixesandotherelements

Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed

Borrowinghaspalyedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes

Morphemes:

minimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes,inotherwords,themorphemesis‘thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords’

Chapter5Wordmeaning

Wordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.

1.referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Thereferenceawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary<随意的>andconventional<传统的>

2.Concept<概念>=notion

Inmanycasesmeaningisusedinthesenseof‘concept’meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical

3.Sense:

generallyspeaking,themeaningof‘meaning’isperhapswhatistermed‘sense’.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.

Motivation<理据>

Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning

Onomatopoeicmotivation拟声的理据

Morphologicalmotivation形态的理据

Semanticmotivation语义<联想>的理据

Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword

Etymologicalmotivation词源的理据

Themeaningifmanywordsoftenrelateddirectlytotheirorigins,

Typesofmeaning

a.GrammaticalmeaninganLexicalmeaning语法和词汇意义

b.Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning概念和联想意义

Chapter6

Thesubjectsthathavelongheldtheinterestandattentionofsemanticistsare,polysemy多义的,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,andhyponymy

Twoapproachestopolysemy

Diachronicapproachandsynchronicapproach

Themeaningswereacquiredbyextension,narrowing,analogy,transfer

Thedevelopmentofword-meaningfrommonosemytopolysemyfollowstwocourses,traditionallyknownasradiationandconcatenation

Homonymy

Basedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreeclasses:

perfecthomonyms,homographsandhomophones

1.Perfecthomonymsarewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspellingbutdifferentmeaning.

Bankn.Theedgeoftheriver,lake

Bankn.Anestablishmentformoneybusiness

Bearn.Alargeheavyanimal

Bearv.Toputupwith

Daten.Akindoffruit

Daten.Aboyoragirlfriend

2.Homographsarewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning

Bown.Bendingtheheadasagreeting

Bown.Thedeviceusedforshootingarrows

Sowv.Toscatterseeds

Sown.Femaleadultpig

3.Homophonesarewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning

Dearn.Alovedperson

Deern.akindofanimal

Righta.correct

Writev.toputdownonpaperwithapen

Riten.Ceremonialprocedure

Sonn.Amalechildofsomeone

Sunn.Theheavenlybodyfromwhichtheearthgetswarmthandlight

Ofthreetypes,homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon

Originsofhomonyms

Changeinsoundandspelling

Borrowing

Shorting

Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepuns<双关>fordesiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule<嘲弄>

OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheyprey<折磨>onyou

So-calledpious<虔诚的>gentlemanandladies善男信女

Thesardonictoneisunmistakable讽刺的语气是不言而喻的

Synonymy

Synonymyisoneofthecharacteristicfeaturesofvocabularyofnaturallanguages

Typesofsynonyms

1.Absolutesynonymsalsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings

2.Relativesynonymyalsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofgivenquality.

Forexample.tochangeathingistoputanotherthinginitsplace;toalterathingistoalteritindifferentmannerandatdifferenttimes.’Amanchangehishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking’

Lookatstagger/reel/totter.staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharactersbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.Staggerunderaheavyload;reelsuggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.

Silent沉默的，无言的，寂静的/tacit,shine闪耀，发光/glitter华丽夺目，炫耀/sparkle闪耀，活跃，焕发活力和才智/glare强光，瞪眼，炫耀,different/various,idle空闲的，懒惰的，无意义的/lazy/indolent,strange奇怪的/odd古怪的/queer,古怪的，可疑的large/huge庞大的/tremendous极大的，巨大的，惊人的，极好的/colossal

Sourcesofsynonyms

1.Borrowing

Asaresultoftheborrowing,wordsofnativeoriginformmanycoupletsandtripletswiththosefromotherlanguage

2.Dialectsandregionalenglish

3.Figurativeaneuphemistic

4.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions

Discriminationofsynonyms

Thedifferencesbetweensynonymsboildowntothreeareas:

denotation,connotation,andapplication

1.Differenceindenotation.

‘Ididnotcomprehendhisarguments,althoughiunderstoodthelanguage,andallthesentences’

Alumpofsugar一块糖,asliceofmeat一片肉,achunkofwood,asheetofpaperAcakeofsoap

Typesofantonyms

1.Contradictoryterms

Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother

Anotherdistinctivefeatureofthiscategory<类型>isthatsuchantonymsarenon-gradable

2.Contraryterms

3.Relativeterms

Holdswater<站得住脚的>

Charactersofantonyms

1.Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.wordsdenotingnature,qualityorstateofthingshavemanyantonyms

2.Awordwhichhasmorethan