语言学名词解释1.docx

语言学名词解释1.docx

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语言学名词解释1

Definethefollowingterms:

1.  Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.  Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

3.  Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..

4.  Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.

5.  Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

6.  Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

7.  Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

8.  Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

9.  Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.

10.  Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.

11.  Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

12.  Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

13.  Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

14.  Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

15.  Duality:

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

16.  Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

17.  Competence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

18.  Performance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

19.  Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently

20.  Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.45.phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

21.phoneme:

Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

22.allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

23.internationalphoneticalphabet:

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.  

24.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

25.phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages

26.auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.

27.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

528.phone:

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

529.phonemiccontrast:

Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.

30.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

31.minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

33.  Morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

34.  inflectionalmorphology:

Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections

35.derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

36.  Morpheme:

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

37.  freemorpheme:

Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

38.    Boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

39.  Root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

40.  Affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

41.  Prefix:

Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.                  

42.  Suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

43.  Derivation:

Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

44.  Compounding:

Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

45.  syntax:

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.

46.  Sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.

47.  coordinatesentence:

Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".

48.  syntacticcategories:

Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.

49.grammaticalrelations:

Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.

50.linguisticcompetence:

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.

51.Transformationalrules:

Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.

52.D-structure:

D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

53.Semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

54.Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualised.

55.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

56.Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

57.Polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

58.Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

59.homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones

60.homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

61.completehomonyms.:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

62.Hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

63.Antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.

64.Componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwaspro-posedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthe