Windows.docx

Windows.docx

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Windows

Windowsoperatingsystem

1.IntroductiontoWindows

　　MicrosoftWindowsisasoftwaresystemthatworkshandinhandwithMSDOStocreatewhatiscommonlycalledagraphicaloperatingenvironment,orGraphicalUserInterface（GUI）．Workingwithyourcomputerinthisenvironmentoffersmanyadvantagesoverworkingwith"normal"MSDOS．Herearesomeofthoseadvantages：

　　WindowsreplacestheDOScommandline,sothatyounolongerhavetodealwithdifficult-to-rememberDOScommands’InsteadoftypingattheDOSAorCprompttostartprograms,forexample,youcanstartthembyselectingeasilyrecognizablegraphicsymbols，calledicons．AndinsteadofhavingtolookupcommandsyntaxinaDOSmanualwhenyouwanttocopy,filesorchecktheamountoffreespaceonadisk,youcanperformthesefunctionswithWindowsdropdownofmenusanddialogboxes．Thesemenusanddialogboxesfreeyoufromconcerningaboutcommandsyntax．

　　Windowsletsyourunmorethanoneprogramatetimeandmoveeasilyandquicklybetweenpro-grams.Youdon'thavetoquityourwordprocessor,forexample,whenyouwanttoconsultyourcalendar．

　　Windowsprovidesastandardmechanismforcopyingormovinginformationfromoneprogramtoanother．Thismechanism,calledtheClipboard,meansthatinformationcreatedinonecontextisin-scantlyreusableinanother:

youdon'tneedtoreenterinformationorworkwithclumsydata-transferutilities．

　　WindowsalsoincludesafacilitycalledDynamicDataExchange（DDE）thatallowscertainprogramtoexchangeinformationautomatically．ProgramsthatsupportDDEcanbe"hotlinked"togethersothatchangeswithinoneareinstantlyreflectedintheother.

　　Windowsmakesmoreefficientuseofallyourcomputer’smemorythandoesstandardMSDOS.Allprogramswrittenforversion3（orlater）ofWindowscantakeadvantageofmemorybeyond640KB,withoutrequiringspecialhardwareor"driver"files.

　　Windowsencouragesconsistencyamongapplications,makingiteasierforyoutouseavarietyofcomplementaryprogramsinyourwork.ApplicationswrittenspecificallyfortheWindowsenvironmenthaveagreatdealincommon,becausetheyallusestandardWindowsdrop-downmenuanddialogboxformats．Thus，whenyoulearntouseoneWindowsprogram,you'rewellonyourwaytowardknowinghowtouseaWindowsprogram．

　　Inshort,Windowsisasystemthatmakesyourcomputereasiertouse,allowingyoutobemoreproductiveandgetthemaximumvaluefromyourhardwareandsoftwareinvestment.

Windows,incomputerscience,isapersonalcomputeroperatingsystemsoldbyMicrosoftCorporationthatallowsuserstoentercommandswithapoint-and-clickdevice,suchasamouse,insteadofakeyboard.TheWindowsoperatingsystemprovidesuserswithagraphicaluserinterface（GUI）,whichallowsthemtomanipulatesmallpictures,calledicons,onthecomputerscreentoissuecommands.Windowsisthemostwidelyusedoperatingsystemintheworld.ItisanextensionofandreplacementforMicrosoft’sDiskOperatingSystem（MS-DOS）.

TheWindowsGUIisdesignedtobeanatural,orintuitive,workenvironmentfortheuser.WithWindows,theusercanmoveacursoraroundonthecomputerscreenwithamouse.Bypointingthecursoraticonsandclickingbuttonsonthemouse,theusercanissuecommandstothecomputertoperformanaction,suchasstartingaprogram,accessingadatafile,orcopyingadatafile.Othercommandscanbereachedthroughpull-downorclick-onmenuitems.Thecomputerdisplaystheactiveareainwhichtheuserisworkingasawindowonthecomputerscreen.Thecurrentlyactivewindowmayoverlapwithotherpreviouslyactivewindowsthatremainopenonthescreen.ThistypeofGUIissaidtoincludeWIMPfeatures:

windows,icons,menus,andpointingdevice（suchasamouse）.

ComputerscientistsattheXeroxCorporation’s2PaloAltoResearchCenter（PARC3）inventedtheGUIconceptintheearly1970s,butthisinnovationwasnotanimmediatecommercialsuccess.In1983AppleComputerfeaturedaGUIinitsLisacomputer.ThisGUIwasupdatedandimprovedinitsMacintoshcomputer,introducedin1984.

MicrosoftbeganitsdevelopmentofaGUIin1983asanextensionofitsMS-DOSoperatingsystem.Microsoft’sWindowsversion1.0firstappearedin1985.Inthisversion,thewindowsweretiled,orpresentednexttoeachotherratherthanoverlapping.Windowsversion2.0,introducedin1987,wasdesignedtoresembleIBM’sOS/2PresentationManager,anotherGUIoperatingsystem.Windowsversion2.0includedtheoverlappingwindowfeature.Themorepowerfulversion3.0ofWindows,introducedin1990,andsubsequentversions3.1and3.11rapidlymadeWindowsthemarketleaderinoperatingsystemsforpersonalcomputers,inpartbecauseitwasprepackagedonnewpersonalcomputers.Italsobecamethefavoredplatformforsoftwaredevelopment.

In1993MicrosoftintroducedWindowsNT（NewTechnology）.TheWindowsNToperatingsystemoffers32-bitmultitasking,whichgivesacomputertheabilitytorunseveralprogramssimultaneously,orinparallel,athighspeed.ThisoperatingsystemcompeteswithIBM’sOS/2asaplatformfortheintensive,high-end,networkedcomputingenvironmentsfoundinmanybusinesses.

In1995MicrosoftreleasedanewversionofWindowsforpersonalcomputerscalledWindows95.Windows95hasasleekerandsimplerGUIthanpreviousversions.Itoffers32-bitprocessing,efficientmultitasking,networkconnections,andInternetaccess.

FewcomputerusersrunMS-DOSorOS/2directly.TheypreferversionsofUNIXorwindowingsystemswithgraphicalinterfaces,suchasWindows98ortheMacintoshOS,whichmakecomputertechnologymoreaccessible.However,graphicalsystemsgenerallyhavethedisadvantageofrequiringmorehardware—suchasfasterCPUs,morememory,andhigher-qualitymonitors—thancommand-orientedoperatingsystems.

2StartWindows

　　AllWindowsoperationstakeplacewithintheframeworkofthe"desktop"，thescreenspaceWindowsoccupies．Youcanthinkofthisareaasyouwouldthesurfaceofanactualdesk.Youcanmoveworkitemsaroundonthedesk,bringnewonesontoit,andremoveitemsyouwon'tneedforawhile.

　　TheProgramManagerapplicationisopenonyourdesktopthefirsttimeyoustartupWindows,ProgramManageriscentraltotheoperationofWindows．YoucanorganizeyourapplicationsintogroupsandstartthembyusingProgramManager.

　　Afteryoustartupanapplication,itrunsinanApplicationWindowsonthedesktop.Ifyouarerunningseveralapplicationsatatime,youcanshrinkasmanyapplicationswindowsasyou'dliketoApplicationsIcons．Byshrinkingthesewindowstoicons，youcanclearsomespaceonyourdesktopwithoutexitingtherunningapplications.

　　Asyouworkwithapplications,twodifferentkindsofwindowsappearonyourdesktop;applicationwindowsanddocumentwindows．Applicationwindowscontainrunningapplications．Thenameoftheapplication,theassociateddocument,andtheapplication’smenubarappearatthetopoftheapplicationwindows．Applicationwindowscanbepositionedanywherewithinthedesktopborders.

　　In386enhancedmode,mostnon-Windowsapplicationscanruninapplicationwindows，whileothersrequiretheentirescreen.Instandardmodeandinrealmode,allnon-Windowsapplicationsoccupytheentiredesktopinsteadofrunninginsideapplicationwindows．

　　Documentwindowsappearonlywithapplicationsthatcanopentwoormoredocumentsatatimeinsidethesameworkspace.Forexample,withWindowsFileManageryoucanopenanumberofdirectoriesatthesametime.Eachdirectoryappearsinasoperatedocumentwindow（calledadirectorywindow）intheFileManagerworkspace．Beingabletoopenmorethanonedocumentatatimeinsideanapplication’sworkspacemakesworkingwithanumberofdocumentseasy.

3HowtoUseWindows

3.1WorkingwithMenus

　　Windowscommandsarelistedonmenus．Eachapplicationhasitsownmenu,withaControlmenucommontoallapplications．Thecontrolmenu,alsocalledtheSystemmenu,opensfromthesmallboxintheupper-leftcornerofeachwindow.Othermenusarerepresentedbynamesinthemenubaratthetopofeachapplicationwindow.

InWindows，youselectamenu,andthenchoosecommandfromthatmenu.Choosingthecommandcarriesouttheaction.　　

Toselectamenu:

　　Mouse：

Pointtothenameofthemenubarandclickthenametoopenthemenu.（Youcandragtheselectioncursordownthemenuifyouwanttomovetoamenuitemimmediately．）

　　Keyboard:

（1）Press[Alt]or[F10]toselectthemenubar．

（2）Pressleftarroworrightarrowtoselectthemenuyouwant.（Usingthedirectionkeysalsoselectsthecontrol-menuboxfortheapplicationandtheactivedocumentwindow.）

　　（3）Press[Enter]toopentheselectedmenu

　　HINT

　　Ifthemenunameshaveunderlinedletters,youcanmovetothemenubar,selectamenu,andopenitwithonestep.Press[Alt]，andthenpresstheunder-linedletter.Forexample,toopenProgramManager’sFileMenu,press[Alt]+[F]．

3.2WorkingwithDialogBoxes

　　Windowsusesdialogboxestorequestinformationfromyouandprovideinformationtoyou.Forexample,whenWindowsneedsadditionalinformationtocarryoutacommandyouhavechosen,dialogboxrequeststhatinformation.Youcompletethedialogbyprovidingthemissinginformation.

　　Wheneveryouseeanellipsis（…）afteramenucommand,adialogboxfollows.Forexample,when＼onchoose“Open一”fromtheNotepadFilemenu,NotepaddisplaystheFileOpendialogboxaskingforthefilenameofthefileyouwanttoopen.

　　Windowsalsousesdialogboxestodisplayadditionalinformationandwarnings,ortoexplainwhyarequestedtaskcouldnotbeaccomplished.

　　Mostdialogboxescontainoptions,eachoneasking