常见商贸英语术语.docx

常见商贸英语术语.docx

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常见商贸英语术语

常见商贸英语术语

A

accountspayable—Theamountacompanyowesforgoodsalreadyreceived.Notunlikeaperson’screditcardbalance;you’vegottheVCR,butyouhaven’ttakenthemoneyoutofthebankyet.

accountsreceivable—Theamountacompanyisowedforgoodsitsoldoncredit.

accrualmethodofaccounting—Usedformostcorporatefinancialstatements.Revenuesarecountedduringthetimethey’reearned,andexpensesarecountedduringthetimethey’reincurred.Cashdoesn’tneedtochangehandstoberecorded.Thisisafullerwayoflookingatfinancialhealth.It’sasifyoukeptrecordsnotjustofchecksyou’dwrittenanddepositsyoumade,butalsoofwhatyouowedonyourcreditcardsandwhatyouwereowedbyothers.Youcanfeelprettyrichifyourcheckingaccountisflush,butifyouowethousandsonyourcreditcardanddon’ttakethatintoaccount,youcanspendyourselfintotrouble.

allowanceforbaddebt—Theamountofdebtacompanyexpectsnottocollect.Thisissubtractedfromwhatthecompanyisowedforgoodsitsoldoncredit（accountsreceivable）,sothebalancesheetbetterreflectsthecompany’strueeconomichealth.

arbitration—Onemethodofsettlingdisputes,includingunion-employerbattles.Thepartieschooseathirdpartytosettletheirdisagreement.Thisiscalledbindingarbitrationwhenthepartiesalsoagreetoabidebythearbitrator’sdecision.

assets—Thingsacompanycontrols,whichusuallymeansitownstheseitems.Acarcompany’sassetswouldincludeeverythingfromcomputersusedbytheaccountingdepartment,tocarsnotyetsold,tothefactorywheretheautosaremade.Itemsmusthavevalueandmusthavebeenobtainedforameasurablecost;brokencomputersthatcan’tberepaireddon’tcount,nordoesacompany’sreputation.

automatictellermachine（ATM）—Themachinesthatletyoudoyourbankingwithoutdealingwithaperson.AtATMs,youcantakecashfromyouraccount,makedepositsandmovemoneybetweenaccounts.Allyouneedisapasswordyoukeyinandanaccesscard.

B

balanceoftrade—Anaccountingofacountry’sexportsversusimports.

balancesheet—Areckoningofacompany’sfinancialhealthatagiventime.Listsassets,liabilitiesandequities.

bankruptcy—Awordyoudon’twanttohearifacompanyorpersonowesyoualotofmoney.Thepersonorcompanyisconsideredbankruptifthey’reunabletopaytheirdebts.TheU.S.BankruptcyCourttriestosortoutthefinancialtroublesandgetcreditorspaid.CompaniesfilingforprotectionunderChapter7ofthebankruptcycodeareshutdownandtheirassetshandedovertothecreditors.UnderChapter11,companiestrytoreworktheirdebtsandstayinbusiness.

bindingarbitration—Betterreallymeanitwhenyouusethismethodofsolvingadispute.Warringparties—likeaunionandemployer—agreetoarguetheircasesbeforeaneutralpartyandaccepttheoutsider’sdecision.

boardofdirectors—Agroupofpeoplechosenbystockholderstowatchoveracompanyanditsexecutives,andtosetoverallcorporatepolicy.Theirjobistotrytokeepthecompanyhealthyandensurestockholdersgetagoodreturnontheirmoney.

bond—Awrittenpromisetorepayaloanplusinterest,usuallymorethanoneyearafterthebondisissued.Investorsbuybondsfromacompanyorgovernmententity,essentiallyloaningthecompanyorgovernmentthatmoney.

buyingonmargin—Forthosewhodon’thavelotsofmoney,butbelievethat’swhatittakestomakeakillingonthestockmarket.Stockbuyerspurchasestockswithborrowedmoney,gamblingthesharepricewillriseenoughtopayofftheloanandthensome.

C

call—Anoptiontobuyacertainamountofstockataspecificpriceduringaspecifictime.

capital—Moneyneededtostartorgrowabusiness.Thispoolcancomefromsecuritiesofferingsandretainedearnings.

Capitalbudget—Showsplansforbuyinglong-termassets—machineryandotherthingsyouexpecttolastseveralyears—andestimatesthecostsofthosepurchases.

cashflow—Moneycomingintoacompanyandbeingpaidoutbythecompany.Ideallyyou’dwanttotakeinatleastasmuchasyoupayout.Onapersonallevel,you’rehavingacash-flowproblemifyoucan’tmakeyourmortgagepayments.You’renotnecessarilypoor;yourhousemightbeworthalotifsold,butyou’restillhavingcash-flowproblems.

ceaseanddesistorder—FederalTradeCommissionrulingthatordersastoptoanunfairbusinesspractice.

certificatesofdeposit（CDs）—Generallyconsideredconservativeinvestments.YoupurchasetheCDsfromfinancialinstitutions–essentiallyloaningyourmoney–andtheypromisetopayyoubackonafixeddate,usuallywithinterest.Youcaninvestforseveralmonths,butlongerinvestmentsgenerallyearnhigherinterest.

ClaytonAct—OneoftheUnitedStates’antitrustlaws.Thisoneforbidspricediscrimination.

closed-endfund—Amutualfundthatsellsalimitednumberofshares.

collectivebargaining—Theprocessbywhichlaborleadersandmanagementironoutagreementsonpayandworkingconditions.

commercialpaper—Shorttermunsecureddebt,withmaturityupto270days.Banks,corporationsandothersraisemoneybyissuingcommercialpapertoinvestors.

commissionbroker—Apersonwhodoesthetradesforastockbroker’sclients,receivingacommissionforthework.Thestockbrokerplacesorderswiththem.

commonstock—Regularoldstock.Ownersofthisbottomrungofstockshaveapieceofthecompanyandgettovotefortheboardofdirectorsandoncorporatepolicy.Buttheyhavetoqueueupbehindownersofpreferredstockbothtoreceivedividendsand,usually,toreceiveassetsifacompanyisliquidated.

consumerpriceindex（CPI）—Measurespricechangesofcommongoodsandservices,includingsuchthingsashousingandfood.Whatyouquotewhenyou’retryingtoconvinceyourbossyouneedaraisetokeepupwithinflation.

corporation—Abusinessownedbyshareholders.

costofgoodssold—Howmuchitcostthesellertomakeorbuythegoodssold.Sameas“costofsales.”

Cost-of-livingadjustment（COLA）—Atypeofraiseworkerscangettoreflectthehighercostofconsumergoods.Alsoasortofcorporatehardshippayforemployeessenttoliveandworkinexpensiveplaces.

coupon—Adetachablepartoftraditionalbondcertificates.Youpresentthesetotheissuertocollectyourinterestpayments.

Couponrate—Abond’sannualinterestrate,statedasapercentageofwhatwasoriginallypaidforthebond.Getsitsnamefromtraditionalbondcertificates,whichhavecouponsyoudetachandreturntotheissuertocollectyourinterestpayments.

cumulativepreferred—Preferredstockthatisduedividends,evenifpaymentsaredelayeduntilthecompanycanaffordthem.Theamountowedbuildsuntilthedividendsarepaid.Ownersareentitledtotheirpaymentsbeforecommon-stockownerscancollecttheirs.

currentassets—Cashandassetsthatareexpectedtobeused,soldorconvertedtocashinthenearfuture,usuallyoneyear.Asportinggoodsstore’scurrentassetswouldincludethemoneyintheregisteranditsbicycles,aswellasshort-terminsurancepoliciesandmarketablesecurities—securitiesexpectedtobeturnedintocashinoneyear.

Currentliabilities—Theseliabilitiesmustbepaidinarelativelyshorttime,usuallyoneyear.Taxesareoneexample.

D

debentures—Youneedtotrustinacompanyanditsstrengthtogivethistypeofloan,whichisn’tbackedbycollateral.

debt-to-net-worthratio—Alsodebt-equityratio.Togetit,youdivideliabilitiesbystockholders’equity.Thisisageneralmeasureofhowsafecreditorscanfeelabouttheirloans.Creditorsoftenavoidlendingtocompanieswithahighdebt-equityratio.

deflation—Oppositeofinflation.Decreaseinthegeneralpriceofconsumergoodsandservices.

demanddeposit—Checkingaccount.Sonamedbecauseyoucandemandyourmoney—orwriteacheck—withoutclearingitwiththebankfirst.

depreciation—Dividingthecostofanassetoverthatasset’susablelife.Whendealingwitha$200,000factoryexpectedtobeusedfor10years,youwouldcount$20,000ayearasexpenses.Assetsareconsideredunusableiftheydon’tworkwellanymoreorareobsolete.

derivative—Atypeofinvestmentwhosevaluedependsonthevalueofotherinvestments,indicesorassets.Astockoptionisacommontypeofderivative.

discountbrokers—Discountstockbrokersaretofull-servicebrokersaswarehousestoresaretoboutiques.Youdon’texpectmuch,ifany,advicefromyourdiscountbrokeronwhattobuy.Sheorheusuallydoesn’texpectyoutopayasmuchasyouwouldatfull-servicebrokers.Adiscountbroker’smainjobistocarryoutyourrequeststobuyandsell.

diversification—Aninvestingtechnique.Theideaistobuylotsofdifferenttypesofinvestmentssoifthevalueofonenosedives,you’renotsuicidal.

dividends—Paymentscorporationsmaketotheirshareholders.Theper-shareamountisdeterminedbycorporateearnings.

Dollar-cost-averaging—Asystemofbuyingsecuritiesatregularintervalswithafixed-dollaramount.Theinvestorbuysbythedollar’sworthratherthanbythenumberofshares.Ifthenumberofdollarsstaysconstant,investmentsbuymoreshareswhenpricesarelowandfewerwhenpricesarehigh.Temporarydownswingsinpricebenefittheinvestorwhocontinuestobuyingoodtimesandbad,asthepriceatwhichsharesaresoldexceedstheaveragepurchaseprice.

DowJonesIndustrialAverage—Animportantstockmarketindicator,usedtojudgethestockmarket’sgeneralwell-beingandhowwellyourstocksaredoingcomparatively.Itmeasurestheperformanceof30industrialstocks.Whenthemediareportsthatthemarketrose20points,they’rereallysayin