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Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet（especiallynumbers16,37,38and40）.Healsonoticedthatsomehouses（suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet）hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.

Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.

HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.He

immediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthe

pumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehad

shownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.

InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.

Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesource

ofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednotto

exposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.Finally"

KingCholera"

wasdefeated.

COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONRRYTHEORY

NicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:

thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesunthere

didthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Yethecouldnottell

anyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimfor

evensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.

Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsinthe

skyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappeared

brighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwas

thecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.

Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofind

ananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematical

knowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510

and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.

In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetothe

oldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystem

withtheplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.He

alsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplained

changesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriends

wereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditas

helaydyingin1543.

Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGod'

sideaandpeoplewhosupporteditwouldbeattacked.Yet

Copernicus'

theoryisnowthebasisonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.

HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingsfelltoearth

becauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthis

wasobviouslywrong.Nowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheory

andtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.

Unit2TheUnitedKingdom

PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHY

Peoplemaywonderwhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesefourcountries:

England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucanclarifythisquestionifyoustudyBritishhistory.

FirsttherewasEngland.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.

NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglandand

WaleswerejoinedtoScotlandintheseventeenthcenturyandthenamewaschanged

to"

GreatBritain"

.HappilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernment

triedintheearlytwentiethcenturytoformtheUnitedKingdombygettingIreland

connectedinthesamepeacefulway.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.

Totheircreditthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas（eg,the

currencyandinternationalrelations）,buttheystillhaveverydifferent

institutions.Forexample,NorthernIreland,EnglandandScotlandhavedifferent

educationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitions

liketheWorldCup!

Englandisthelargestofthefourcountries,andforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlandsandtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.Youfindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouth,butmostofthe

industrialcitiesintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.Although,nationwide,

thesecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina,theyhaveworld-famousfootballteams

andsomeofthemevenhavetwo!

Itisapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltinthe

nineteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.Forhistoricalarchitectureyouhaveto

gotoolderbutsmallertownsbuiltbytheRomans.Thereyouwillfindoutmoreabout

Britishhistoryandculture.

ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,art

collections,theatres,parksandbuildings.Itisthecentreofnationalgovernment

anditsadministration.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthefirstcentury

AD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastle

constructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.Therehasbeenfoursetsofinvadersof

England.Thefirstinvaders,theRomans,lefttheirtownsandroads.Thesecond,the

Anglo-Saxons,lefttheirlanguageandtheirgovernment.Thethird,theVikings,

influencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorthofEngland,andthefourth,

theNormans,leftcastlesandintroducednewwordsforfood.

IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountrysideyouwillfindevidenceofallthese

invaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnited

Kingdomenjoyableandworthwhile.

SIGHTSEEINGINLONDON

Worriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesites

shewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.Itwasbuilt

longagobytheNormaninvadersofAD1066.Fancy!

Thissolidstone,squaretower

hadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildingshadexpanded

aroundit,itremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.Tohergreatsurprise,

ZhangPingyufoundtheQueen'

sjewelsguardedbyspecialroyalsoldierswho,onspecialoccasions,stillworethefour-hundred-year-olduniformofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.

TherefollowedStPaul'

sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondon

in1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!

WestminsterAbbey,too,wasvery

interesting.Itcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters,suchas

Shakespeare.Thenjustasshecameoutoftheabbey,Pingyuheardthefamoussound

oftheclock,BigBen,ringingoutthehour.Shefinishedthedaybylookingatthe

outsideofBuckinghamPalace,theQueen'

shouseinLondon.Oh,shehadsomuchto

tellherfriends!

TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclock

thatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisan