美国文学笔记.docx

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美国文学笔记.docx

美国文学笔记

美国文学笔记

I.ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期)(约1607-1765)

II.TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命时期):

(1765-18世纪末)

BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)

III.TheRomanticperiod(浪漫主义时期):

(1800-1865)

EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)

RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)

HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

HermanMelville(1819-1891)

WaltWhitman(1819~1892)

EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)

IV.TheRealismandNaturalism(现实主义和自然主义):

(1865-1918)

MarkTwain(1835-1910)

HenryJames(1843-1916)

StephenCrane(1881-1900)

V.TheModernperiod(现代主义时期):

1918-1945

F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)

WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)

ErnestHemingway(1899—1961)

EzraPound(1885—1972)

RobertFrost(1847-1963)

EugeneO’Neil(1888-1953)

VI.Contemporaryliterature(当代文学):

(1945-)

I.ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期)(约1607-1765)

II.TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命时期):

(1765-18世纪末)

BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):

1.Summary:

OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNation

Firstgreatself-mademaninAmerica

TheembodimentofAmericandream

2.Majorworks:

TheAutobiography《自传》:

thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenre

PoorRichard’sAlmanack《穷人理查德的年历》

 

III.TheRomanticperiod(浪漫主义时期):

(1800-1865)

EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)

1.Summary:

Novelist,poet,critic

goodatwritingGothic(哥特式)anddetectivefiction

Fatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticism

2.Majorworks:

Poetry

TheRaven《乌鸦》

ToHelen《献给海伦》

Shortstories

Horror(suspense,terror,Insanity,death,Revengeandrebirth)

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《红色死亡的化妆舞会》

TheBlackCat《黑猫》

TheCaskofAmontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》

Ligeia《丽姬娅》

Detective/ratiocinative(推理的)(originator)

ThePurloinedLetter《窃信案》

TheMuderintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》

TheMysteryofMarieRog《玛丽.罗热疑案》

TheGoldBug《金甲虫》

 

AmericanTranscendentalism

(美国超验主义)

(1830s-CivilWar)

SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissance

1.Appearance

1836,“Nature”byEmerson

2.FeaturesofTranscendentalism

(1).Spirit(思想)/Oversoul(超灵)

(2).importanceofindividualism

(3).nature–symbolofspirit/God;garmentoftheoversoul

(4).focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)

RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):

1.Summary:

Americanessayist,lecturer,poet

TheFounderofTranscendentalism

2.Majorworks:

Nature《论自然》:

themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism

TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》:

American'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence

Self-reliance《论自助》

HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)

1.Summary:

AmericanEssayist,Poet,Philosopher

2.MajorWorks

CivilDisobedience«论公民之不服从»

Walden,orLifeinthewoods《瓦尔登湖,或林中的生活》:

WaldenisarecordofThoreau’stwoyearexperimentoflivingaloneatWaldenpondinaself-builthouseattheedgeofthewoods.

LateRomanticism

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864):

1.Summary:

Americannovelistandshortstorywriter

2.Hispointofview:

HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism(清教主义)deeply.

(1).Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife

(2).wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration

(3).Evileducates.

(4).Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening(自负的)(tooproudofoneself)intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded

3.MajorWorks

TheScarletLetter《红字》

HermanMelville(1819-1891):

Novelist,Poet

Majorworks:

MobyDick《白鲸》,1851

Maincharacters:

Ishmael(以实玛利):

thenarrator

Ahab(埃哈伯):

theprotagonist

MobyDick

WaltWhitman(1819~1892)

1.Summary:

Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist/

Thefatheroffreeverse(自由诗)

2.Majorworks:

LeavesofGrass《草叶集》

Famouspoems

SongofMyself《自我之歌》

One’sSelfISing《我歌唱一个人的自己》

OCaptain!

MyCaptain!

《噢,我的船长!

我的船长!

3.Writingthemes(almosteverything):

Øequalityofthingsandbeings

Ødivinityofeverything

ØImmanence(无所不在)ofGod

Ødemocracy

Øevolutionofcosmos(宇宙)

Ømultiplicityofnature

Øself-reliantspirit

Ødeath,beautyofdeath

ØexpansionofAmerica

Øbrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(团结一致)(unityofnationsintheworld)

Øpursuitofloveandhappiness

4.Style:

“freeverse(自由诗):

theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

(1).Parallelism(排比)

(2).phoneticrecurrence(同字起句法)(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend)

(3).theuseofacertainpronoun“I”(thefirstpersonnarrator)

(4).strongtendencytouseoralEnglish

(5).thehabitofusingsnapshots

(6).alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure

(7).useofconventionalimage

(8).vocabulary–powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong

(9).sentences–cataloguetechnique:

longlistofnames,longpoemlines

5.SignificanceofLeavesofGrass

LeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:

→ItsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.

→Itsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewwayforAmericanpoetry.

EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)

1.Summary:

Americanpoet

Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.

2.Somefamouspoems:

IDiedforBeauty

BecauseICan’tStopforDeath

ANarrowFellowintheGrass

IHeardaFlyBuzz—WhenIDied

ToMakeaPrairie

I’mNobody

3.Theme

Mainlybasedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows(innerworld):

(1).Deathandimmortality

(2).Love—sufferingsandfrustrationcausedbylove

(3).Nature-Kindandcruel

(4).Religion-doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects

(5).Beauty(beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone)

(6).physicalaspectofdesire

(7).freewillandhumanresponsibility

4.Style

1).Poemswithouttitles

2).Useofcapitalletters–emphasisanddashes-createcadence(抑扬顿挫)

3).Economyofexpression.(Plainestwords,directness,brevity)

4).Shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas

5).Freshandstrangeimages

6).Boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors

7).Rhetorictechniques:

personification—makesomeabstractideasvivid

8).off-rhyme(半韻)anddefamiliarization(陌生化)

IV.TheAmericanRealism现实主义时期(1865-1918)

1.ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod

WilliamDeanHowells –“DeanofAmericanRealism”

HenryJames  

MarkTwain 

2.Comparison:

Theme:

Howells–middleclass

James–upperclass

Twain–lowerclass

Technique:

Howells–smiling/genteelrealism

James–psychologicalrealism

Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism

MarkTwain(1835-1910):

1.Summary:

Americanwriter,shortstorywriter/

Humorist

2.Majorworks:

TheCelebratedjumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty (1865)

《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》

InnocentsAbroad (1869)《傻子国外旅行记》

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer  (1876)《汤姆.索亚历险记》

LifeontheMississippi  (1883)《密西西比河上》

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:

AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromhismasterpiece“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”——ErnestHemingway

3.Style:

(1).colloquiallanguage(口语),vernacular(本土的)language,dialects

(2).localcolour

(3).syntacticfeature:

sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical

(4).humour

(5).talltales(highlyexaggerated)(荒诞不经的故事)

(6).socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)

4.Contribution

OneofMarkTwain’ssignificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.

HenryJames(1843-1916)

1.Summary:

AnAmericanandBritishnovelist,literarycritic

Founderofpsychologicalrealism

Firstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelist

Initiatoroftheinternationaltheme:

AmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophistication

2.Majorworks:

DaisyMiller(1878)《戴茜·米勒》

ThePortraitofaLady(1881)《贵妇的肖像》

TheWingsoftheDove(1902)《鸽翼》

TheAmbassadors(1903)《专使》

TheGoldenBowl(1904)《金碗》

TheArtofFiction(1884)《小说的艺术》

3.HisPointofview

(1).Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness

(2).Psychologicalrealism

(3).Highly-refinedlanguage

4.Style–“stylist”

(1).Language:

highly-refined,polished,insightful,andaccurate

(2).Vocabulary:

large

(3).Construction:

complicated,intricate

Naturalism(自然主义)

1.Background:

(1).Darwin’stheory:

“naturalselection”

(2).Spenser’sidea:

“socialDarwinism”

(3).FrenchNaturalism:

Zora

2.Features

(1).environmentandheredity

(2).scientificaccuracyandalotofdetails

(3).generaltone:

ironicandpessimistic,hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety

StephenCrane(1881-1900)

1.Summary:

Novelist,poet

Pioneerinthenaturalistictradition

Precursors(先驱)ofImagistpoetry

2.MajorWorks:

Maggie:

AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎麦姬》:

thefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmerica

TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》

TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》

V.AMERICANMODERNISM(1918-1945)

(美国现代主义)

F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)

1.Summary:

FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayist

therepresentativeofthe1920s

thespokesmanfortheJazzAge

oneofthe“lostgeneration”writers

2.MajorWorks

ThisSideofParadise(1920)《人间天堂》

TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)《爵士乐时代的故事》

TenderIstheNight(1934)《夜色温柔》

TheGreatGatsby(1925)《了不起的盖茨比》:

Narrativepointofview–NickCarraway

Theme:

ThedeclineoftheAmericanDream

3.HisPointofview

(1).Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature.

(2).Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople’scharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethinksmo

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