英语四级阅读试题第一套完整版Word格式.docx

英语四级阅读试题第一套完整版Word格式.docx

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SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Manymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare“male”and“female”brains,believingthate_plainsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthese_es.Anewstudy26thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.

Inthestudy,TelAvivUniversityresearchers27forse_differencestheentirehumanbrain.

Andwhatdidtheyfind?

Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor28brainsas“male”or“female,”researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightinthemiddle.

DaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based29,manydifferenttypesofbraincan’talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.

Whilethe“average”maleand“average”femalebrainswere30different,youcouldn’ttellitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall31ofpeoplehad“all-male”or“all-female”characteristics.

LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist（神经科学家）,saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquestioning32beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,33ofgender.

“There’samountainofevidence34theimportanceofse_influencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,”hetoldTheSeattleTimes.

Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy35thatgenderplaysaveryimportantroleinthebrain“evenwhenwearenotcleare_actlyhow.”

A）abnormalI）regardless

B）appliedJ）searched

C）brieflyK）similarities

D）categorizingL）slightly

E）challengesM）suggests

F）figureN）tastes

G）percentageO）traditional

H）proving

SectionB

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

CanBurglarsJamYourWirelessSecuritySystem?

[A]Anyproductthatpromisestoprotectyourhomedeservescarefule_amination.Soitisn’tsurprisingthatyou’llfindplentyofstrongopinionsaboutthepotentialvulnerabilitiesofpopularhome-securitysystems.

[B]Themostlikelytypeofburglary（入室盗窃）byfaristheunsophisticatedcrimeofopportunity,usuallyinvolvingabrokenwindoworsomeforcedentry.AccordingtotheFBI,crimesliketheseaccountedroughlytwo-thirdsofallhouseholdburglariesintheUSin_.Thewidemajorityoftherestwereillegal,unforcedentriesthatresultedfromsomethinglikeawindowbeingleftopen.TheoddsofacriminalusingtechnicalmeanstobypassasecuritysystemaresosmallthattheFBIdoesn’teventrackthosestatistics.

[C]Oneofthemaintheoreticalhome-securityconcernsiswhetherornotagivensystemisvulnerabletobeingblockedfromworkingaltogether.Withwiredsetups,thefearisthataburglar（入室盗贼）mightbeabletoshutyoursystemdownsimplybycuttingtherightcable.Withawirelesssetup,youstickbattery-poweredsensorsuparoundyourhomethatkeepaneyeonwindows,doors,motion,andmore.Iftheydetectsomethingwrongwhilethesystemisarmed,they’lltransmitawirelessalertsignaltoabasestationthatwillthenraisethealarm.Thatapproachwilleliminatemostcord-cuttingconcerns—butwhatabouttheirwirelessequivalent,jamming?

Withtherightdevicetunedtotherightfrequency,what’stostopathieffromjammingyoursetupandblockingthatalertsignalfromeverreachingthebasestation?

[D]Jammingconcernsarenothingnew,andthey’renotuniquetosecuritysystems.Anydevicethat’sbuilttoreceiveawirelesssignalataspecificfrequencycanbeoverwhelmedbyastrongersignalcominginonthesamefrequency.Forcomparison,let’ssayyouwantedto“jam”aconversationbetweentwopeople—allyou’dneedtodoisyellinthelistener’sear.

[E]Securitydevicesarerequiredtolistthefrequenciestheybroadcaston—thatmeansthatapotentialthiefcanfindwhattheyneedtoknowwithminimalGoogling.Theywill,however,needsoknowwhatsystemthey’relookingfor.Ifyouhaveasigninyouryarddeclaringwhatsetupyouuse,that’dpointthemintherightdirection,thoughatthatpoint,we’retalkingaboutahighlytargeted,semi-sophisticatedattack,andnotthesortforced-entryattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.It’seasiertofindandacquirejammingequipmentforsomefrequenciesthanitisforothers.

[F]Wirelesssecurityproviderswilloftentakestepstohelpcombatthethreatofjammingattacks.SimpliSafe,winnerofourEditor’sChoicedistinction,utilizesaspecialsystemthat’scapableofseparatingincidentalRFinterferencefromtargetedjammingattacks.Whenthesystemthinksit’sbeingjammed,it’llnotifyyouviapushalert（推送警报）.Fromthere,it’suptoyoutosoundthealarmmanually.

[G]SimpliSafewassingledoutinonerecentarticleonjamming,completewithavideoshowingtheentiresystembeingeffectivelybypassedwithhandheldjammingequipment.AftertakingappropriatemeasurestocontaintheRFinterferencetoourtestlab,wetestedtheattackoutforourselves,andwereabletoverifythatit’spossiblewiththerightequipment.However,wealsoverifiedthatSimpliSafe’santi-jammingsystemworks.Itcaughtusintheact,sentanalerttomysmartphone,andalsolistedourRFinterferenceonthesystem’seventlog.Theteambehindthearticleandvideoinquestionmakenomentionofthesystem,orwhetherornotindetectedthem.

[H]Weliketheuniquenatureofthatsoftware.Itmeansthatathieflikelywouldn’tbeabletoGooglehowthesystemworks,thenfigureoutawayaroundit.Eveniftheycould,SimpliSafeclaimsthatitssystemisalwaysevolving,andthatitvariesslightlyfromsystemtosystem,whichmeanstherewouldn’tbeauniversalmagicformulaforcrackingit.Othersystemsalsoseemconfidentonthesubjectofjamming.TheteamatFrontpointaddressestheissueinablogonitssite,citingtheirownjamprotectionsoftwareandclaimingthattherearen’tanyumentedcasesofsuccessfuljamattacksincethecompanybeganofferingwirelesssecuritysensorsinthe_80s.

[I]Jammingattacksareabsolutelypossible.Assaidbefore,withtherightequipmentandtherightknow-how,it’spossibletojamanywirelesstransmission.Buthowprobableisitthatsomeonewillsuccessfullyjamtheirwayintoyourhomeandstealyourstuff?

[J]Let’simaginethatyouliveinasmallhomewithawirelesssecuritysetupthatoffersafunctionalanti-jammingsystem.First,athiefisgoingtoneedtotargetyourhome,specifically.Then,he’sgoingtoneedtoknowthetechnicaldetailsofyoursystemandacquirethespecificequipmentnecessaryforjammingyourspecificsetup.Presumably,youkeepyourdoorslockedatnightandwhileyou’reaway.Sothethiefwillstillneedtobreakin.Thatmeansdefeatingthelocksomehow,orbreakingawindow.He’llneedtobejammingyouatthispoint,asabrokenwindoworopeneddoorwouldnormallyreleasethealarm.So,too,wouldthemotiondetectorsinyourhome,sothethiefwillneedtocontinuejammingoncehe’sinsideandsearchingforthingstosteal.However,he’llneedtodosowithouttrippingtheanti-jammingsystem,thedetailsofwhichhealmostcertainlydoesnowhaveaccessto.

[K]Attheendoftheday,thesekindsofsystemsareprimarilydesignedtoprotectagainstthesortofopportunisticsmash-and-grabattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.They’realsoonlyasinglelayerinwhatshouldideallybeamany-sidedapproachtosecuringyourhome,onethatincludescommonsensethingslikesoundlocksandpropere_teriorlightingatnight.Nosystemisimpenetrable,andnonecanpromisetoeliminatetheworstcasecompletely.Everyoneofthemhasvulnerabilitiesthataknowledgeablethiefcouldtheoreticallye_ploit.Agoodsystemisonethatkeepsthatworst-casesettingasimprobableaspossiblewhilealsoofferingstrongprotectionintheeventofaless-e_traordinaryattack.

36.Itispossibleforburglarstomakejammingattackswiththenecessaryequipmentandskill.

37.Interferingwithawirelesssecuritysystemissimilartointerferingwithaconversation.

38.Aburglarhastocontinuouslyjamthewirelesssecuritydevicetoavoidtriggeringthealarm,bothinsideandoutsidethehouse.

39.SimpliSafeprovidesdevicesthatareabletodistinguishincidentalradiointerferencefromtargetedjammingattacks.

40.Onlyaverysmallproportionofburglariesarecommittedbytechnicalmeans.

41.ItisdifficulttocrackSimpliSafeasitssystemkeepschanging.

42.Wirelessdeviceswilltransmitsignalssoastoactivatethealarmoncesomethingwrongisdetected.

43.Differentmeasuresshouldbetakentoprotectone’shomefromburglaryinadditiontothewirelesssecuritysystem.

44.SimpliSafe’sdevicecansendawarningtothehouseowner’scellphone.

45.Burglarscaneasilygetasecuritydevice’sfrequencybyInternetsearch.

SectionC

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements