现代语言学学习笔记.docx

上传人:b****7 文档编号:15656361 上传时间:2023-07-06 格式:DOCX 页数:87 大小:69.10KB
下载 相关 举报
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第1页
第1页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第2页
第2页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第3页
第3页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第4页
第4页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第5页
第5页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第6页
第6页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第7页
第7页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第8页
第8页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第9页
第9页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第10页
第10页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第11页
第11页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第12页
第12页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第13页
第13页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第14页
第14页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第15页
第15页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第16页
第16页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第17页
第17页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第18页
第18页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第19页
第19页 / 共87页
现代语言学学习笔记.docx_第20页
第20页 / 共87页
亲,该文档总共87页,到这儿已超出免费预览范围,如果喜欢就下载吧!
下载资源
资源描述

现代语言学学习笔记.docx

《现代语言学学习笔记.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《现代语言学学习笔记.docx(87页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。

现代语言学学习笔记.docx

现代语言学学习笔记

现代语言学学习笔记

第一章、绪论Introduction

1、语言学的主要分支是什么。

每个分支的研究对象是什么?

Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy

Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication

Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication

Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords

Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse

Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.

3、什么叫共时研究?

什么叫历时研究?

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?

1)Arbitrariness。

Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2)Productivity。

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.

3)Duality。

Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

4)Displacement。

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5)Culturaltransmission。

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.

5、Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么?

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

6、Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的?

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;

Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

7、什么是语言学?

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

8、口头语与书面语

Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:

1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution

2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting

3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage

9、语言与言语

Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse

10、能力与运用

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

11、几个术语

Prescriptive:

aimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behaviour.

Descriptive:

describeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Synchronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime.

Diachronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

Synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.

langue:

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Competence:

theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12、Designfeatures

AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspedified12designfeatures,fiveofwhichwillbediscussedhere.

1)Arbitratiness。

Differencesoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Thelanguagethatimitatenaturalsoundsandcompoundwordsarenon-arbitrarywords.Itmakeuponlyasmallercentageofthetotalnumberofwordsusedinalanguage.

2)Productivity.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

3)Duality.languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofmeaninglesssounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphimesandwords.

4)Displacement.Languagescanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5)Culturaltransmission.Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.

13、名词解释

1Linguisitics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage

2Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants

3Phonology”:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.

4Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:

Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.

7Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.

8Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.

9、Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

14.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Traditionalgram­marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlan­guage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.

15.Howdo

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索
资源标签

当前位置:首页 > 考试认证 > 司法考试

copyright@ 2008-2023 冰点文库 网站版权所有

经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备19020893号-2