现代语言学学习笔记.docx
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现代语言学学习笔记
现代语言学学习笔记
第一章、绪论Introduction
1、语言学的主要分支是什么。
每个分支的研究对象是什么?
Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:
Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy
Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication
Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication
Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords
Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences
Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.
3、什么叫共时研究?
什么叫历时研究?
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?
1)Arbitrariness。
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity。
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.
3)Duality。
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4)Displacement。
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission。
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
5、Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么?
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
6、Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的?
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;
Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
7、什么是语言学?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
8、口头语与书面语
Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:
1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution
2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting
3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage
9、语言与言语
Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity
Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse
10、能力与运用
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
11、几个术语
Prescriptive:
aimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behaviour.
Descriptive:
describeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
Synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.
langue:
theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
Competence:
theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
12、Designfeatures
AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspedified12designfeatures,fiveofwhichwillbediscussedhere.
1)Arbitratiness。
Differencesoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Thelanguagethatimitatenaturalsoundsandcompoundwordsarenon-arbitrarywords.Itmakeuponlyasmallercentageofthetotalnumberofwordsusedinalanguage.
2)Productivity.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
3)Duality.languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofmeaninglesssounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphimesandwords.
4)Displacement.Languagescanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission.Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.
13、名词解释
1Linguisitics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants
3Phonology”:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.
4Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:
Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.
7Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.
8Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.
9、Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
14.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.
15.Howdo