Unit 3.docx

Unit 3.docx

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Unit3

Unit3UnderstandingScience

BeforeReading>>BackgroundInformation

I.StephenHawking

i.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking

StephenHawking（1942~）:

Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician

ii.ChronologyofStephenHawking

–1942

BorninOxford,England.

–1958

EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics（热力学）,relativitytheory,andquantummechanics（量子力学）.

–1962

Receivedabachelor’sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneralrelativityattheUniversityofCambridge.

–1966

EarnedhisPh.D.degreeattheUniversityofCambridge.StayedattheUniversityofCambridgetodopost-doctoralresearch.DiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis（ALS）（肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化）.

（Quote:

“Iamquiteoftenasked:

HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?

Theansweris,notalot.Itrytoleadasnormalalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsitpreventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany.”）

–1977

Becameaprofessorofphysics.

–1979

AppointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.

–1988

PublishedhisfamousbookABriefHistoryofTime:

FromtheBigBangtoBlackHoles.

–1993

WroteBlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.

–1996

Co-authoredabookwithSirRogerPenrosetitledTheNatureofSpaceandTime.

iii.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking

singularity:

（Apointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature（曲率）becomesinfinite.）

blackhole:

（Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.）

Withthehelpofthefollowingwordsandexpressions,listentoarecordingofmoreinformationonblackhole.

KeyWords:

object:

n.物体

emit:

v.放射，吐露

theeventhorizon:

事件视界，即黑洞的边界

entropy:

n.熵，热力学概念。

fatal:

a.重大的，致命的

motivate:

v.激发

irritation:

n.愤怒

misuse:

v.误用，错用

turnout:

结果是

manner:

n.方式，风格

Script:

Bytheirverydefinition,blackholesareobjectswhicharenotsupposedtoemitanything.Itthereforeseemedthattheareaoftheeventhorizonofablackholecouldnotberegardedasitsentropy.Infactin1972,IwroteapaperonthissubjectwithBrandonCarterandanAmericancolleagueJimBardeen.Wepointedoutthat,althoughthereweremanysimilaritiesbetweenentropyandtheareaoftheeventhorizon,therewasthisapparentlyfataldifficulty.ImustadmitthatinwritingthispaperIwasmotivatedpartlybyirritationwithBeckenstein,becauseIfelthehadmisusedmydiscoveryoftheincreaseoftheareaoftheeventhorizon.However,itturnedoutintheendthathewasbasicallycorrect,thoughinamannerhehadcertainlynotexpected.

ABriefHistoryofTime:

（Oneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.）

MedalofFreedom:

Script:

Persistentinhispursuitofknowledge,StephenHawkinghasunlockednewpathwaysofdiscoveryandinspiredpeoplearoundtheworld.Hehasdedicatedhislifetoexploringthefundamentallawsthatgoverntheuniverse,andhehascontributedtosomeofthegreatestscientificdiscoveriesofourtime.Hisworkhasstirredtheimaginationofexpertsandlaypersonsalike.Livingwithadisabilityandpossessinganuncommoneaseofspirit,StephenHawking’sattitudeandachievementsinspirehope,intellectualcuriosity,andrespectforthetremendouspowerofscience.

II.AlbertEinstein

i.MonologueofEinstein

AlbertEinstein（1879~1955）

Script:

IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.

Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That’swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,atleastforscientists,withseveralnewideas.Iproposedthatspaceandtimehadtobelookedatinawholenewway—thatNewton’sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.TheseideasbecameknownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandintroducedtheequationE=mc2.

TenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthatgravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvature（曲率）ofthespace-timecontinuum.

Script:

ThemostimportantofAlbertEinstein’stheoriespublishedthatyearbecameknownashis“SpecialTheoryofRelativity.”Hesaidthespeedoflightisalwaysthesame—almostthree-hundred-thousandkilometersasecond.Wherethelightiscomingfromorwhoismeasuringitdoesnotchangethespeed.However,hesaid,timecanchange.Andmasscanchange.Andlengthcanchange.Theydependonwhereapersonisinrelationtoanobjectoranevent.

Imaginetwospacevehicleswithascientisttravellingineachone.Onespaceshipisred.Oneisblue.Exceptforcolor,bothspaceshipsareexactlyalike.Theypassoneanotherfaroutinspace.

Neitherscientistfeelsthathisshipismoving.Toeach,itseemsthattheothershipismoving,nothis.Astheypassathighspeed,thescientistineachshipmeasureshowlongittakesabeamoflighttotravelfromthefloortothetopofhisspaceship,hitamirrorandreturntothefloor.Eachspaceshiphasawindowthatletseachscientistseetheexperimentoftheother.

Theybegintheirexperimentsatexactlythesamemoment.Thescientistintheblueshipseeshisbeamoflightgostraightupandcomestraightdown.Butheseesthatthelightbeamintheredshipdoesnotdothis.Theredshipismovingsofastthatthebeamdoesnotappeartogostraightup.Itformsapathupanddownthatlookslikeanupsidedown“V”.

Thescientistintheredshipwouldseeexactlythesamethingashewatchedtheexperimentbytheotherscientist.Hecouldsaythattimepassedmoreslowlyintheothership.Eachscientistwouldbecorrect,becausethepassingoftimeislinkedtothepositionoftheobserver.

Eachscientistalsowouldseethattheotherspaceshipwasshorterthanhisown.Thehigherthespeedsthespaceshipsweretravelling,theshortertheothershipwouldappear.Andalthoughtheothershipwouldseemshorter,itsmasswouldincrease.Itwouldseemtogetheavier.Theideasweredifficulttoaccept.YetotherscientistsdidexperimentstoprovethatEinstein’stheorywascorrect.

iii.AlbertEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativity

Listentothepassage,andfillintheblankswiththemissingword（s）youhear.

Tenyearsafterhispaperonthespecialtheoryofrelativity,AlbertEinsteinfinishedworkonanothertheory.Itdescribedwhathecalledhis“GeneralTheoryofRelativity.”Itexpandedhisspecialtheorytoincludethemotionofobjectsthataregainingspeed.Thistheoryofferednewideasaboutgravityandthecloserelationshipbetweenmatterandenergy.Itbuiltontheideasaboutmasshehadexpressedin1905.

Einsteinsaidthatanobjectlosesmasswhenitgivesofflight,whichisakindofenergy.Hebelievedthatmatterandenergyweredifferentformsofthesamething.ThatwasthebasisofhisfamousmathematicalstatementE=MC2（Energyequalsmasstimesthespeedoflightsquared）.Thisstatementorformulaexplainedthatagreatamountofenergycouldcomefromasmallpieceofmatter.Itexplainedhowthesuncouldgiveoffheatandlightformillionsofyears.Thisformulaalsoledtothediscoveryofatomicenergy.

Inhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinsaidthatgravity,liketime,isnotalwaysthesame.Gravitychangesasobserversspeeduporslowdown.Healsosaidthatgravityfromverylargeobjects,suchasstars,couldturnthepathoflightwavesthatpassednearby.Thisseemedunbelievable.Butin1919,Britishscientistsconfirmedhistheorywhenthesunwascompletelyblockedduringasolareclipse.AlbertEinsteinimmediatelybecamefamousaroundtheworld.

III.Frankenstein

i.AGeneralIntroduction

Frankenstein,orTheModernPrometheus,generallyknownasFrankenstein,isanovelwrittenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,wholearnshowtocreatelifeandcreatesabeinginthelikenessofman,butlargerthanaverageandmorepowerful.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras“Frankenstein”.

GlobalReading>>PartDivisionoftheText

Parts

Para（s）

MainIdeas

1

1~3

Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.

2

4~6

Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.

3

7

Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.

DetailedReading

I.DifficultSentences

1.Norcanonepreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.（Para.2）

Whyisthissentencereversed?

（Theword“nor”hereappearsatthebeginningofthesentencetogiveforcetothenegation.

-NorwillIdenythat.）

2.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.（Para.2）

1）Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst“that”?

（Here“that”bringsaboutanattributiveclause.）

2）Whatdoesthestructure“suchthat”heremean?

（Thestructureisusedtogiveanexplanationforsomething.

-Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.）

3）Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?

（Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.）

3.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.（Para.2）

Whyisthereno“to”between“is”and“slow”?

（When“do”appearsinthesubjectofasentence,thesign“to”ofaninfinitivewhichisusedasthepredicativecanbeomitted.

-Thefirstthinghedidwas（to）lookforaguide.

-Allwecoulddonowis（to）remaincool-headed.）

4.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.（Para.3）

1）Whatdoes“intwomindsabout”mean?

（Unabletodecidewhetherornotyouwantsth.orwanttodosth.

-Ithinkshe’sintwomindsaboutwhethertoaccepthispr