乡村旅游定义及影响因素 外文文献翻译大学论文.docx

乡村旅游定义及影响因素 外文文献翻译大学论文.docx

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乡村旅游定义及影响因素外文文献翻译大学论文

毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文

译文题目：

乡村旅游定义及影响因素

学生姓名：

马倩倩学号：

专业：

旅游管理

所在学院：

人文学院（民办为“龙蟠学院”）

指导教师：

XXX

职称：

XXX

201X年XX月XX日

原文：

Thedefinitionandinfluencefactorsofruraltourism

Thisarticleintroducesthedefinitionandconnotationofruraltourism,therolethatruraltourismplayedintheprocessofeconomicdevelopmentandthefactorswhichinfluenceruraltourism.

Generally,`ruraltourism'istourismthattakesplaceinthecountryside.Itisdefinedas"ademandfortouristicuseofaruralarea"（Gartner,2004,p.153）.Oppermann（1996）defines`ruraltourism'astourismoccurringina"non-urbanterritorywherehumanactivityisoccurring,primarilyagriculture;apermanenthumanpresenceseemsaqualifyingrequirement"（p.88）.Forexample,bedandbreakfastsvacations,recreationtrailnetworks,andharvestfestivals,areallsourcesof`ruraltourism'thatcanbefoundinsmalltowns.Oppermann（1996）emphasizesthatthetypeofaccommodationsusedbyruraltouristsisonekeyaspectindifferentiatingruraltourismfromothertypesoftourism.

Lane（1994）suggeststhat`ruraltourism'existsasaconcept,andreflectsthedifferingandcomplexpatternofruralenvironment,economy,historyandlocation.`Ruraltourism'isdirectlyrelatedtotheparticularcharacteristicsofruralareas,anditisassumedthattheprincipalmotivationforvisitingthecountrysideistoexperienceitsrurality.Thismotivationjustifiesthedefinitionof`ruraltourism'asanidentifiabletypeoftourism,withruraltourismbeinganendontoitself一toexperiencethecountryside.

Consideringthedemandandsupplyofruraltourism,itcanbedefinedmorespecifically.Demand-sideruraltourismisbasedonthenatureofthevisitorandisdefinedas"avisitbyapersontoanyplaceotherthanhisorherusualworkorhomeenvironmentandthatisoutsideaStandardMetropolitanStatisticalArea"（Greffe,1994,p.23）.Ontheotherhand,supply-sideruraltourismismorefocusedonavisitors'placeofstay.Ruraltourismisalsoassociatedwithaparticularformofaccommodationthatofferstouristopportunitiestoparticipateinfarm-relatedactivities,suchasvegetablegardeningorcaringforanimals.

Lobo（2001）defines`ruraltourism'as"recreationalexperienceinvolvingvisitstoruralsettingsorruralenvironmentsforthepurposeofparticipatinginorexperiencingactivities,eventsorattractionsnotreadilyavailableinurbanizedareas.Thesemaynotnecessarilybeagriculturalinnature."Ruraltouristactivitiesmightincludeacountry-sidetour;purchasinghoneyfromalocalfarm;orvisitsorchards,cheesefactoriesgreenhouses,pumpkinpatches,road-sidefruitandvegetablestands,nurseries,etc.Ruraltourismcanalsoincludeactivitiessuchas:

participatinginfallcolortours;fishingIlocalstreams,rivers,orlakes;visitingamaplesugaringhouseinthespring;takingphotographsofbeautifulscenery;paintingthelandscape;hikingatrail;orvisitingabandonedraillines,conservationarea,orlocal,state,ornationalpark.Personswhoparticipateintheseandsimilaractivitiesareparticipatinginvariousformsofruraltourism（Buck,2004）.

Theconceptofruraltourismhasevolvedsubstantiallyinrecentyears.Oneaspectofthischangeisreflectedinthevocabularyusedtodescribevarioustypesofruraltourismactivities.Forexample,somestudiesrefertooutdoor-basedtourismas`ecotourism,'whileotherpublicationsusetheterm`nature-basedtourism'or`greentourism'（Stancliffe,1992）.Althoughthesetwotermsarenottechnicallysynonymous;theterm`ecotourism'suggestsactivitiesthatpromoteconservationofnature,while`nature-basedtourism'isevocativeofabroaderspectrumofoutdoor-basedrecreationincludinghunting,fishing,camping,andtheuseofrecreationalvehicles.Thesenewtermsreflectnewperspectivesinthetourismindustry.

Thedefinitionofruraltourismvariesbetweencountriesreflectingthespecifictypesandcharacteristicsofruraltourismwithineachcountry.Forexample,inIsraelcountryvacations'centeronbedandbreakfasts,whiletouristsparticipatein`agri-tourism'inItaly,`farmtourism'inKorea,and`greentourism'inJapan（Fleischer&Pizam,1997;Park,Ryu,&Lee,2001;Arahi,1998）.Ruraltourismisamulti-facetedactivity:

itisnotjustfarm-basedtourism（Alexander,Kumar,&Day,1998）.Itincludesfarm-basedholidaysbutalsocomprisesspecialinterestnatureholidaysandeco-tourismwalking,climbingandridingholidays,adventure,sportandhealthtourism,huntingandangling,educationaltravel,artsandheritagetourism,andinsomeareasethnictourism.Nature-basedtourism/ecotourism（sometimescalledrecreation-basedtourism）referstotheprocessofvisitingnatural（usuallyrural）areasforthepurposeofenjoyingthescenery,includingplantandanimalwildlife.Nature-basedtourismmaybeeitherpassive,inwhichobserverstendtobestrictlyobserversofnature,oractive（increasinglypopularinrecentyears）,whereparticipantstakepartinoutdoorrecreationoradventuretravelactivities（Stancliffe,1992）.

Heritagetourismisalsooftenincludedwithinthescopeofruraltourism,andreferstoleisuretravelthathasasitsprimarypurposetheexperiencingofplacesandactivitiesthatrepresentthepast.Theprincipalconcernsofheritagetourismarehistoricalauthenticityandthelong-termsustainabilityofattractions（Gartner,2004）.

TheFoundationofRuralTourismDevelopmentandRelatedStrategies

Thenitcomesintorootsofruraltourismareverysimilarthroughouttheworld,nomatterwhenpractice（Fleischer&Pizam,1997）.Intheearlydays,ruraltourismwasdevelopedandencouragedprimarilyforthepurposeofrevitalizationanddiversificationofruralareas.Adeclineintheabilityoffarmingandrelatedagriculturalsupportbusinesseslimitedtheabilityoffarmersandruralresidentstogeneratesufficientincomecausingmanyfarmerstoseeknewsourcesofincomeandtodiversifytheirfarms.Also,asystematicandsubstantialdecreaseintheruralpopulations,theagingofthesepopulations,nowcharacterizesmanyruralareas（Fleischer&Pizam,1997;Ribeiro&Marques,2002）.

Tourismhaslongbeensuggestedasastrategyofrevitalizingruraleconomies.Accordingtosomeauthors,ruraltourismcanaddincometofarmsandotherhouseholds,providesjobalternatives,diversifiestheruraleconomy,andmakestheprovisionofcertaininfrastructurepossible（Oppermann,1996）.Therefore,manyruralcommunitiesturnedtotourismtostimulateneweconomicdevelopment（Blame,Mohammad,&Var,1993）.

Governmentshavebeenprimarilyresponsibleandhavetakenanactiveroleinthedevelopmentofruraltourisminmanycountries.Forexample,governmentpolicyintheUShasfocusedonruraltourismasaneconomicdevelopmenttoolintheoverallstrategicplanningforruralrevitalization.Asaresult,numerousruralcommunities,agencies,andorganizationsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveactivelyencouragedandpromotedruraltourism（Blameetal.,1993）.TherearenumeroussuccessstoriesthatappeartodemonstratepositiveresultsfromtourismdevelopmenteffortsinruralcommunitiesintheUnitedStates（Kieselbach&Long,1990;Borich&Fleming,1993;Bowling,1992;Edgell&Cartwright,1990;Long&Nuckolls,1992）.Gunn（1988）identifiedthreecomponentsneededforsuccessfultourismdevelopmentincludingagatewaywherebasicservicesarefound,attractionsthatexertthepullorreasonforvisitation,andtransportationlinkagethatconnectsservicecenterstoattractionsandgatewaystomarket.Many,butnotallruralcommunitiesintheUSAhaveallthreeofthecomponentsmentionedabove（Gartner,2004）.

RuraltourismhasbeenusedasameansofaddressingruralproblemsinJapan.AfterWorldWarII,Japaneseruralcommunitiesexperiencedpopulationloss,theagingoftheirpopulations,andstagnantincomegrowth.Ruraltourismwasdevelopedasastrategyforrevitalization（Arahi,1998）.Similarly,ruraltourismhasbecomeanessentialpartofagriculturaldevelopmentinTaiwan（Hong,1998）.Ruraltourismhasalsobeenusedasaruralrevitalizationstrategy,aswellasamajorsourceofnationalincomeinIndonesiaandThailand,whereresourcesareabundant（Iwantoro,1998;Rattanasuwongchai,1998）.

Ruraltourismisnotnew;however,interestinruraltourismhasincreasedrapidlyduringthepastseveralyears.Therecentsurgeinruraltourismhascomefromthedemand-side,dueinparttoincreaseddisposableincomes,improvedlifestyles,increasedhealthawareness,amaturetravelmarket,changingtastesandpreferences,andincreasesinautomobileandweekendtravel（Hill,1993;Alexander&McKenna,1998）.

Urbanizationandnostalgiaforruralcharacterhasalsoplayedaroleinthedevelopmentofruraltourism（Collin&Baum,1995）.Somecontentsthatthemoreentrenchedurbanitiesbecome,themorelikelytheyaretoreachoutandvisitruralsettings（Hill,1993）.Peoplelivinginurbanareashavebecomemoreinterestedinexperiencingruralamenities,suchashighqualityoflife;tranquility;closenesstonature;naturalfeatures,suchasmountains,rivers,andlakes;andman-maderesources,suchasparks,recreationfacilities,andhistoricandculturalsites（Kieselbach&Long,1990;Fleischer&Pizam,1997）.Inadditiontoeconomicbenefitsforruralcommunities,ruraltourismalsoofferslotsofbenefitstourbanpeople.

Lane（1994）offerssometourismmarkettrendsthatwillacceleratethegrowthofruraltourisminthefuture.Hepointstoagrowinginterestinrurallife,includingheritageandtradition,anincreasinghealthconsciousnessgivingapositiveappealtorurallifestylesandvalues,marketintere