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英式英语和美式英语在语法上的不同
DifferencesinAmericanandBritishEnglishgrammar
Introduction
SpeakersofAmericanEnglishgenerallyusethepresentperfecttense（have/has+pastparticiple）farlessthanspeakersofBritishEnglish.InspokenAmericanEnglishitisverycommontousethesimplepasttenseasanalternativeinsituationswherethepresentperfectwouldusuallyhavebeenusedinBritishEnglish.Thetwosituationswherethisisespeciallylikelyare:
（i）Insentenceswhichtalkaboutanactioninthepastthathasaneffectinthepresent:
AmericanEnglish/BritishEnglish
∙Jennyfeelsill.Sheatetoomuch.
∙Jennyfeelsill.She'seatentoomuch.
∙Ican'tfindmykeys.Didyouseethemanywhere?
∙Ican'tfindmykeys.Haveyouseenthemanywhere?
（ii）Insentenceswhichcontainthewordsalready,justoryet:
AmericanEnglish/BritishEnglish
∙A:
Aretheygoingtotheshowtonight?
∙B:
No.Theyalreadysawit.
∙A:
Aretheygoingtotheshowtonight?
∙B:
No.They'vealreadyseenit.
∙A:
IsSamanthahere?
∙B:
No,shejustleft.
∙A:
IsSamanthahere?
∙B:
No,she'sjustleft.
∙A:
CanIborrowyourbook?
∙B:
No,Ididn'treadityet.
∙A:
CanIborrowyourbook?
∙B:
No,Ihaven'treadityet.
1.Verbagreementwithcollectivenouns
InBritishEnglishcollectivenouns,（i.e.nounsreferringtoparticulargroupsofpeopleorthings）,（e.g.staff,government,class,team）canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverbdependingonwhetherthegroupisthoughtofasoneidea,orasmanyindividuals,e.g.:
Myteamiswinning.
Theotherteamareallsittingdown.
InAmericanEnglishcollectivenounsarealwaysfollowedbyasingularverb,soanAmericanwouldusuallysay:
Whichteamislosing?
whereasinBritishEnglishbothpluralandsingularformsoftheverbarepossible,asin:
Whichteamis/arelosing?
2.Useof“have”and“take”
InBritishEnglish,theverbhavefrequentlyfunctionsaswhatistechnicallyreferredtoasadelexicalverb,i.e.itisusedincontextswhereithasverylittlemeaninginitselfbutoccurswithanobjectnounwhichdescribesanaction,e.g.:
I'dliketohaveabath.
Haveisfrequentlyusedinthiswaywithnounsreferringtocommonactivitiessuchaswashingorresting,e.g.:
She'shavingalittlenap.
I'lljusthaveaquickshowerbeforewegoout.
InAmericanEnglish,theverbtake,ratherthanhave,isusedinthesecontexts,e.g.:
Joe'stakingashower.
I'dliketotakeabath.
Let'stakeashortvacation.
Whydon'tyoutakearestnow?
3.Useofauxiliariesandmodals
InBritishEnglish,theauxiliarydoisoftenusedasasubstituteforaverbwhenreplyingtoaquestion,e.g.:
∙A:
Areyoucomingwithus?
∙B:
Imightdo.
InAmericanEnglish,doisnotusedinthisway,e.g.:
∙A:
Areyoucomingwithus?
∙B:
Imight.
InBritishEnglishneedn'tisoftenusedinsteadofdon'tneedto,e.g.:
Theyneedn'tcometoschooltoday.
Theydon'tneedtocometoschooltoday.
InAmericanEnglishneedn'tisveryunusualandtheusualformisdon'tneedto,i.e.:
Theydon'tneedtocometoschooltoday.
InBritishEnglish,shallissometimesusedasanalternativetowilltotalkaboutthefuture,e.g.:
Ishall/willbetherelater.
InAmericanEnglish,shallisunusualandwillisnormallyused.
InBritishEnglishshallI/weisoftenusedtoaskforadviceoranopinion,e.g.:
Shallweaskhimtocomewithus?
InAmericanEnglishshouldisoftenusedinsteadofshall,i.e.:
Shouldweaskhimtocomewithus?
4.Useofprepositions
InBritishEnglish,atisusedwithmanytimeexpressions,e.g.:
atChristmas/five'o'clock
attheweekend
InAmericanEnglish,onisalwaysusedwhentalkingabouttheweekend,notat,e.g.:
Willtheystillbethereontheweekend?
She'llbecominghomeonweekends.
InBritishEnglish,atisoftenusedwhentalkingaboutuniversitiesorotherinstitutions,e.g.:
Shestudiedchemistryatuniversity.
InAmericanEnglish,inisoftenused,e.g.:
ShestudiedFrenchinhighschool.
InBritishEnglish,toandfromareusedwiththeadjectivedifferent,e.g.:
Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/toanythingI'veseenbefore.
InAmericanEnglishfromandthanareusedwithdifferent,e.g.:
Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/thananythingI'veseenbefore.
InBritishEnglishtoisalwaysusedaftertheverbwrite,e.g.:
Ipromisedtowritetohereveryday.
InAmericanEnglish,tocanbeomittedafterwrite,i.e.:
Ipromisedtowritehereveryday.
5.Pasttenseforms
BelowisatableshowingverbswhichhavedifferentsimplepastandpastparticipleformsinAmericanandBritishEnglish.Notethattheirregularpastformsburnt,dreamtandspoiltarepossibleinAmericanEnglish,butlesscommonthantheformsendingin-ed.
Infinitive
Simplepast
（Br）
Simplepast
（Am）
Pastparticiple
（Br）
Pastparticiple
（Am）
burn
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
bust
bust
busted
bust
busted
dive
dived
dove/
dived
dived
dived
dream
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
get
got
got
got
gotten
lean
leaned/
leant
leaned
leaned/
leant
leaned
learn
learned/
learnt
learned
learned/
learnt
learned
plead
pleaded
pleaded/
pled
pleaded
pleaded/
pled
prove
proved
proved
proved
proved/
proven
saw
sawed
sawed
sawn
sawn/
sawed
smell
smelled/
smelt
smelled
smelled/
smelt
smelled
spill
spilled/
spilt
spilled
spilled/
spilt
spilled
spoil
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
stink
stank
stank/
stunk
stunk
stunk
wake
woke
woke/
waked
woken
woken
NotethathavegotispossibleinAmericanEnglish,butisusedwiththemeaning'have',gottenistheusualpastparticipleofget,e.g.
AmericanEnglish
BritishEnglish
You'vegottwobrothers
（=youhavetwobrothers）
You'vegottwobrothers
You'vegottentallerthisyear
You'vegottallerthisyear
小学二
（2）班班规
一、安全方面
1、每天课间不能追逐打闹。
2、中午和下午放学要结伴回家。
3、 公路上走路要沿右边走，过马路要注意交通安全。
4、 不能在上学路上玩耍、逗留。
二、学习方面
1、每天到校后，不允许在走廊玩耍打闹，要进教室读书。
2、每节课铃声一响，要快速坐好，安静地等老师来上课。
3、课堂上不做小动作，不与同桌说悄悄话，认真思考，积极回答问题。
4、养成学前预习、学后复习的好习惯。
每天按时完成作业，保证字迹工整，卷面整洁。
5、考试时做到认真审题，不交头接耳，不抄袭，独立完成答卷。
三、升旗排队和两操方面
1、升旗时，要快速出教室排好队，做到快、静、齐，安静整齐地排队走出课室门，班长负责监督。
2、上午第二节后，快速坐好，按要求做好眼保健操。
3、下午预备铃声一响，在座位上做眼保健操。
四、卫生方面
1、每组值日生早晨7：
35到校做值日。
2、要求各负其责，打扫要迅速彻底，打扫完毕劳动工具要摆放整齐。
3、卫生监督员（剑锋，锶妍，炜薪）要按时到岗，除负责自己的值日工作外，还要做好记录。
五、一日常规
1、每天学生到齐后，班长要检查红领巾。
2、劳动委员组织检查卫生。
3、每天负责领读的学生要督促学生学习。
4、上课前需唱一首歌，由文娱委员负责。
5、 做好两操。
6、 放学后，先做作业，然后帮助家长至少做一件家务事。
7、 如果有人违反班规，要到老师处说明原因。
班训：
坐如钟 站如松 快如风 静无声
班规：
课堂听讲坐如钟，精神集中认真听；
排队升旗站如松，做操到位展雄风；
做事迅速快如风，样样事情记得清；
自习课上静无声，踏实学习不放松；
个人努力进步快，团结向上集体荣；
我为领巾添光彩，标兵集体记我功。
加分标准
序号
考核项目
加分值
备注
1
单元考试满分
+2
2
单元考试85分以上
+1
3
课堂小测满分
+1
4
期中、期末考试满分
+3
5
在红领巾广播站投稿一次
+2
6
在校级活动中获奖
+5
7
作业十次全对得一颗星
+3
8
课堂上得到表扬
+1
9
班干部工作认真负责
+1
10
做好事、有利于班集体和学校的事
+2
11
进步比较明显
+2
12
连续一周该组值日卫生达标
本组值日生每人加2分
扣分标准
序号
考核项目
扣分值
备注
1
没交作业、不做晚作业
-1
2
忘带书本、学具
-1
3
迟到
-1
4
在课堂上被老师点名
-2
5
不穿校服，不戴红领巾
-1
6
吃零食、带钱、带玩具
-2
7
说脏话、打架
-3
请家长，写保证书
8
座位周围有垃圾
-2
9
课间操、眼保健操不认真做
-1
10
升旗时违反纪律
-2
11
来学校不进教室，在走廊聊天打闹
-1
12
体育课打闹说话、排队不整齐
-2
注：
每人基本分60分起，学期末核算总分，作为学期评先依据。
升级会员 