2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析.docx

2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析.docx

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2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语

（二）真题及参考答案

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblackandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved 2  bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3  ？

Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thenation'scyber-czar，offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey，afingerprintandaphotoIDcard，allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard，oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould 9 whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense     10   bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto  11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"ncyberspace，withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa  13 community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14 ，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns".

Still，theadministration'splanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 beacompulsoryInternet"drive'slicense"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19 .TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 20 toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden

2． A.for B.within C.while D.though

3． A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless

4． A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal

5． A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent

6． A.by B.into C.from D.over

7． A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared

8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve

9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize

10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered

11． A.carryon B.lingeron C.setin D.login

12． A.Invain B.Ineffect C.Inreturn D.Incontrast

13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing

14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience

15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across

16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united

17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually

18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm

19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible

20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced

SectionII  ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text 1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：

ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup."Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor        .

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe        .

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto       .

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors        .

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis       .

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper       .

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause      .

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey      .

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbu