英语国家概况考试复习要点doc.docx

英语国家概况考试复习要点doc.docx

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英语国家概况考试复习要点doc

英语国家概况复习要点

PartOneUK

TheCountry

1.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts

Name：

EnglandBritainGreatBritain（GB/G.B.）BritishIsles

BritishEmpireTheCommonwealthTheUnitedKingdom（TheUK）

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

Parts:

EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland

2.Officialname:

theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

Geographically,theBritishIslesincludesGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,andalltheoffshoreislands

Politically,theBritishIslesismadeupofU.K.andRepublicofIreland.

3.thehighestmountaininBritain：

BenNevis（本尼维斯山）

thelargestmountainrangeinBritain：

theGrampians（格兰扁山脉）

4.thelongestriver：

TheSevernRiver（塞文河）

ThemostimportantriverinBritainandthesecondlongestriver:

Thames（泰晤士河）

5.thelargestlakeinBritain：

LoughNeagh（内伊湖）（NorthernIreland）

6.BackboneofEngland:

thePennies（奔宁山脉）

Thepeople

7.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

8.BasisofModernEnglishrace?

TheearlistpeopleknowninBritainwerenomads（游牧者）frommainlandEuropeintheOldStoneAge（旧石器时代）‘followedbyNeolithic（新石器时代）Iberians（伊比利亚人）andtheBeakerFolk（比克人）intheBronzeAge（青铜器时代）

9.thecontributionsmadebyAnglo-SaxonstotheEnglishstate?

%1.establishedOldEnglish*

%1.laidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate

（3）.dividedthecountryintoshires

④.createdtheWitan*toadvisetheKing（thebasisoftheCabinet）

10.differentinvaders?

Firstinvasion一In55BC,JuliusCaesar

Second一CaesaFssecondraidin54BC

Thirdandfinal一In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritain（recorded）

Left一In410,GermanicbarbarianattackRome,forcingRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingitsoccupationoftheisland

History

9.Whoisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy^^?

SirFrancisDrake

10.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences

TheNormanConquest（1066-1071）

Fuse:

Edwardruledfor24yearsanddiedinJanuary,1066.Haroldwaschosentobeking.William,DukeofNormandy,heardthenewsofHarold'scoronation,hegotveryangryandclaimedthathehadthesolerighttobekingofEnglandbecauseEdwardhadpromisedthecrowntohimandthatHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland.DukeWilliamledarmyandlandedonthecoast.ThetwoarmiesmetatHastings.

Consequences：

❖Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism.

❖WilliamestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.

❖Heintroducednewideasinlaws.

❖Itbroughtchangesinthechurch.

❖TheFrenchlanguagecamealongwiththeNormans.

11.WhenwasthefeudalsystemestablishedinEngland?

（封建制度）

UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.

MedievalBritain（1066-1485）

12.WhosignedGreatCharter?

KingJohn（签署大宪章）

13.GreatCharter（time,contents,nature）

Time:

MagnaCarta1215

Contents:

（内容）

A.thekingwasnottoexactpaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;

B.thelawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;

C.shouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.

Nature:

afeudaldocument

14.TheHundredYears9War

%1.Time:

intermittentlyfrom1337to1453

%1.Countries:

FranceandBritain

%1.Factors:

partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic

TheEnglishkingswantedtogetbackthelostlandinFrance.

TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.

NewnationalconsciousnessofEngland

%1.Fuse:

FrenchthronesuccessionEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrown.The

Frenchrefusedtorecognizetheclaim.

©.Threeoutstandingstagesofthewar

A.AtfirsttheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessful.

B.HenryVrenewedthewarin1415andhewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.

C.AfterHenryV'sdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.

⑥.TwodecisivereasonsforFrenchtowin:

effectiveuseofguns&"JoanofArc”©.Significance:

ThewarwasveryexpensiveanditcosttheEnglishgreatdealofdeath,wealthandproperty,thusthefeudalrulewasweakenedinthewar.

©.Effectsofthewar:

Afterthiswar,therulingNormansbeganto:

A.regardEnglandastheirhome.

B.regardthemselvesasbelongingstotheEnglishnation.

C.reestablishEnglish（language）astheirofficiallanguage.

D.makeefforttotrytodeveloptheirindustry

（TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries;thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrenchnationalidentitywashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.）

15.TheWarofRoses（1455-1485）

%1.Rivalgroups：

theHouseofLancaster&theHouseofYork

%1.Thenameofthewar：

TheLancastriansworethebadgeoftheredroseandtheYorkistsworethebadgeofthewhiterose,sothewargotsuchaname.

（3）.Natureofthewar：

feudalcivilwar,forpowerandwealth,forthepossessionoftheCrown

%1.Reason：

IntheHundredYears9War,thelosswasgreat.Sothewar-likenobleswantedtorecoupfortheloss,thustheyallwantedtogetpower.TheEnglishnoblesbegantobedividedandbegantosupportdifferentgroups,insuchasituation,thewarbrokeout.Atthattime,theHouseofLancasterwasinpowerandHenryVI（1422-1461）wasthekingandtheHouseofYorkwantedtodisplacetheHouseofLancaster.

%1.Result:

TheYorkistgotcompletevictory,HouseofYork约克王朝（1461-1485）butathirdHouse,theHouseofTudorgotthepower.HenryVIIbecametheking.SoanewimportantDynastybeganinEnglishhistory.

%1.Consequence：

HenryTudorwon（descendantofDukeofLancaster）

AlthoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyfor30years,ordinarypeoplewerelittleaffected.Fromthesewarsfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakenedanddiscredited.Theking'spowernowbecamesupreme.Thiswarshookoffmuchofthefeudalburden,soitpavedwayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.

16.TheEnglishReformation

%1.Reasons

A.ThechurchoftheMiddleAgeshadnotbeenonlyareligiousbody,butalsoapoliticalandlegalpoweraswell.ThegreedandlazinessofthechurchhinderedthesocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.

B.HenryVIIIhadtroubleinhisdivorce.HerealizedthatforeigninterferenceinEnglandmustbestopped.

%1.Course

A.Byaspecialactbyparliament,HenrydivorcedandbrokewiththePope.

B.In1534,ActofSupremacy:

HenrybecametheheadoftheEnglishChurch.

%1.Effects

A.EnglishChurchbecameindependentofRome.TheRomanCatholicchurchwasinternational,theEnglishChurchwasstrictlynational.

B.Thenewlandlordsformedanewclass—anewnobility.

C.ThosewhowanttochangeanypartofthefaithwerecalledProtestants.

D.Henry'strustinParliamentallowedtheHouseofCommonstodeveloprapidly.

%1.Nature

ThestrugglebetweentheEnglishChurch&Catholicismwasessentiallyastrugglebetweenthenew"nobility"ofmoney&bourgeoisieontheonehandandtheremnantsoffeudalismontheother.

%1.Peopleinvolved

A.EdwardVI（1547-1553）:

kingafterHenryVM'sdeath

B."Bloody"Mary（1553-1558）:

daughterofCatherine,reestablishedCatholicismandburntthreehundredProtestants.

C.ElizabethI（1558-1603）:

QueenafterMary,restoredAnglicanChurch.

17.RenassainceinEnglandislargelyliterary.Importantrepersentatives?

DistinguishedRepresentatives：

A.SirThomasMore,thegreatestEnglishhumanist,"Utopia”

B.WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）greatestdramatist,37comedies,tragediesandhistories

C.poetry——Spenser,Sidney,Shakespeare&Donne

D.JohnMilton'sParadiseLost.1667

E.Englishmaterialism…FrancisBacon（1561-1626）alsoastatesman&anessayist

18.CivilWar（1642-1649）（内战）

%1.Backgroundofthewar（战争的背景）

TheabsolutistruleofCharlesIarousedtheresistanceofthepeopleandthebourgeoisie,Charlestookcounteraction,thewarbrokeout.

%1.Groupsofthewar

A.Roundheads-supportersofParliament

freefarmers;tradesmen;craftsmen

B.Cavaliers/Royalists-King?

ssupporters

Catholics;feudallord

©.Consequence

1649,Charles?

armywasdefeated,hewasbeheaded;inMay1649,EnglandwasdeclaredaCommonwealth（共和政府时期）.

In1653,CromwellwasmadeLordProtectorC护国公）forlifeandstartedhismilitarydictatorshipopenly.TheCommonwealthbecametheProtectorate（摄政时期）andParliamentwasdissolved.Hebecamea“king”inallbutname.

19.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688（1688年的光荣革命）

Afterthreeyears5struggle,theWhigandToryleadersatlastunitedagainstJamesII.Beingafraidofanotherrevolution,theleadersofthetwopartiesplannedacoupDetat.InJune1688,theleadersofParliamentinvitedWilliamofHollandtocomeandtakethethrone.WilliamlandedwitharmyandhewassowelcomedthatJamesIIranawaytoFrance.WilliamandMarywerethencrownedasjointrulers.ThiswasknowninhistoryasTheGloriousRevolution.

20.WhigsandTories（辉格党和保守党）

TheRoundheads一TheWhigs一TheLiberalParty

TheCavaliers一TheTories一TheConservativeParty

21.TheIndustrialRevolution（1780-1830）（工业革命）

%1.Definition（定义）

Duringthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcentury,arapidseriesofextensivechangesbegan,especiallyinthefieldofmanufacturing.Thereweresomanynewinventionsthatthewholeseriesofchangesisoftendescribedasthe"IndustrialRevolution".

%1.Inventions（发明）

A.In1750sironsmeltingwasrevolutionized.

B.In1769,thesteamenginewascreatedbyJamesWatt.

C.In1785,thepowerloomtheapplicationofpowertomachinery

D.Theuseofironandcoal

E.In1764,theSpinningJennywasinvented

G.In1814,thefirstsuccessfulsteamlocomotive

（3）.Co