机械类英语论文及翻译.docx

机械类英语论文及翻译.docx

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机械类英语论文及翻译

ＭeｃｈanｉcaｌDesｉgn

Ａｂstract:

A　mａcｈinｅ　ｉsaｃoｍbiｎaｔioｎofｍechanismsandotｈｅr　cｏｍponentswhiｃh　ｔransformｓ,　ｔrａｎsｍits.Eｘampleｓ　areenginｅs，turbines,vehicles，　hoｉsts,　ｐrintingｐrｅsｓeｓ，waｓhinｇ　mａchinｅs,　andmoviecａｍeras.Ｍanyofthｅprinciplｅsaｎdｍｅｔhoｄsｏｆdesigｎｔｈatappｌytｏmａchiｎｅs　ａｌsoapplyto　manufactuｒeｄarticlｅｓtｈａtare　ｎottruemachiｎes.Tｈｅｔerm"mechaｎicａlｄesigｎ＂isusｅｄinabｒoaｄersensethan　"machiｎedeｓign"ｔｏ　incｌｕｄｅ　theiｒ　desigｎ.　the　mｏtiｏｎandｓｔrucｔural　aspeｃｔsａndtheproviｓions　fｏrretenｔｉonandeｎclｏsurｅaｒｅconsiｄeraｔioｎsinmechanicaｌ　desｉｇn.Ａpｐｌicaｔionsoccｕrｉnthefieldｏf　mechanicａlengineｅriｎｇ,andinother　engｉneeringｆieｌdsａswell,　aｌlof　ｗhichreｑuｉｒemechanicaｌ　devices，suchasｓwｉtches，caｍｓ,　valves,ｖeｓsｅls,aｎｄ　ｍixers．

Ｋｅyｗｏrds:

　ＭeｃhaniｃalDｅsign;Ruｌesfor　Ｄeｓign　;DｅsｉgｎPrｏｃeｓｓ

TｈeＤｅsiｇnProｃess

Desigｎingstaｒtｓ　wiｔhａneｅd　ｒeaｌ．Exisｔiｎgapparatｕs　maｙneedimprovementsｉndurabｉlity,efｆiciencｙ，weight，ｓpeｅd,orcost.　Ｎew　appａｒaｔusｍay　bｅｎｅeｄeｄto　peｒｆorm　afuncｔiｏnpreviousｌydoneｂｙmen,ｓuch　ａs　comｐutaｔion，　aｓsemblｙ,orsｅrvｉciｎｇ.With　tｈｅobjectivewholｌy　oｒpａrtly．

In　tｈｅdeｓigｎpreｌｉminarysｔａgｅ,　shouldaｌlｏｗ　tｏ　ｄesigntheperｓoｎnel　fullyｔodisplａy　ｔhecrｅativｉty,nｏｔeachkindoｆresｔraｉｎt.Eｖen　ｉｆｈashadｍanyｉmpractiｃalideａs，ａlｓocaｎｉn　ｔhe　desｉgｎearｌytime，ｎaｍｅly　iｎ　froｎtoｆthe　planblｕepｒinｔ　isｃorreｃｔｅｄ.　Ｏｎly　ｔhen,　onlyｔhｅndｏes　nｏtsｅnｄｔostopsuｐ　the　innovationthemenｔalｉty.Ｕsually,ｍust　prｏpｏse　ｓｅｖeｒalｓｅtsofdesignｐrｏposalｓ,thenperfｏrmthecompａｒｉson.Has　the　possibilityveｒymuchinｔｈeｐlaｎｗhｉchｆinalｌyｄｅsiｇnatｅｄ,hasuｓedcｅrtainnｏtｉnｐｌansomeideas　ｗhｉｃｈ　ａcceｐts．

When　thegeｎeｒalsｈapeandaｆewdimeｎsiｏnsofｔｈeｓeｖeｒaｌcoｍｐoneｎtｓ　bｅｃomｅ　appａrent,aｎalyｓiｓ　caｎbeｇin　ｉnearneｓt.　Ｔheaｎaｌysｉswillｈaveａsｉtｓobｊectiveｓatisfactoryorｓｕpｅrioｒｐｅrformanｃｅ，plussafｅｔｙand　duraｂilitywitｈｍinimｕmweｉｇht，anｄacompｅｔｉtｉvecｏst.　Optimumpｒoportionsandｄｉmｅｎsioｎswilｌｂeｓougｈtｆor　eａｃｈ　ｃritiｃalｌy　loadedseｃtion,toｇeｔhｅrｗｉｔhabａlａｎcｅbetwｅｅn　ｔhesｔrengｔhsofthe　ｓeｖeｒalｃomponeｎtｓ．Materiａｌsandtheirtreatmentｗill　ｂｅchosen.Thｅｓeiｍporｔanｔｏｂｊectiveｓ　ｃａｎbeａttainedonlybyａnalｙsiｓ　baseduｐonthｅ　prinｃiplesoｆｍｅｃｈanicｓ,　suｃh　ａs　thoseof　sｔaticforreactionｆｏrｃeｓandｆｏｒtheoptiｍuｍ　ｕtiliｚatｉonofｆriｃtion;oｆdynaｍｉcsforinertｉａ,ａｃcelｅratｉoｎ,andeｎｅrgy；oｆeｌasｔiciｔyanｄstreｎgtｈof　ｍaterialsfｏｒｓtreｓsand　defleｃtiｏn;ｏfphysiｃａlｂehａvｉor　ｏfｍateriａlｓ;andofｆluidmechａnｉcsfoｒｌuｂricationandhyｄrodynamicdrivｅｓ.Thｅ　analyｓｅs　maｙｂemaｄebｙthe　sameengｉｎeeｒwhocｏnceivedｔｈｅaｒrａngemｅnt　oｆ　mechａniｓms,or,ina　largecompany,　ｔｈｅymaybemａdｅby　ａseparateａnalysiｓ　diｖiｓｉonorｒesｅａrchｇroｕp．Deｓiｇnisareiteratｉveanｄcoopｅrａtｉve　proｃesｓ，　ｗhｅｔｈｅrdoｎefｏrmalｌｙorｉnfoｒmally,andtheanａlystｃanｃonｔributｅｔoｐhａｓesｏｔheｒtｈanhis　own．Proｄｕctdeｓigｎrequｉresｍuch　rｅsearｃｈ　andｄevelｏpment.　Ｍａnｙ　Cｏnceptｓ　ｏfanidea　mｕsｔbeｓtudied,　trieｄ,　andthｅnｅｉtｈerｕｓedordiｓcaｒded.Altｈoｕghthecｏｎteｎtoｆeaｃheｎgineeringprｏｂlemisuniquｅ,　tｈe　desiｇｎerｓfolｌowｔhｅsimｉｌaｒｐｒocesｓ　to　solvｅthe　pｒoblｅms.

Pｒｏｄuct　liａｂilitｙｓuits　designersaｎdforceｄinmaterｉａlselｅction,usingtｈeｂest　proｇram．Intheprocｅｓsoｆmaｔｅrｉａl,theｍostcomｍoｎｐｒobｌemsforfiｖe（a）don＇tｕndeｒstaｎdornｏｔｕsｅabｏuｔtheｌatestappliｃationｍaｔｅrialsｔothｅbｅsｔ　infoｒmatｉon,　（b）failｅｄto　fｏreseeaｎdconsiｄeｒ　tｈe　reasoｎａbｌｅusｅmａteｒialmay（ｓuchaspoｓｓible,desigｎers　shoulｄ　furtherforecaｓtandconsideｒｄuｅto　imprｏpeｒusｅproduｃtｓ．　Inｒecｅｎtyeaｒｓ,maｎyｐroｄuctｓ　liabiliｔyinｌitｉgaｔion，the　usｅ　ofprｏductｓandhｕｒtｔhepｌaintiｆfaccｕsedmanufactuｒｅr,ａｎｄwonthｅ　decｉｓion）,　（ｃ）　ｏfthｅmaterialsusedａlｌｏr　soｍeoftｈeｄａta，dａtａ,esｐeciallywhentheuncertａinｔyｌonｇ-termpeｒformanｃe　dａｔaisso，（d）　quａｌitｙcoｎtroｌｍｅthｏdisnot　suitaｂlｅ　andunpｒovｅｎ，　（e）　by　ｓｏｍecompｌetelyｉncompeteｎｔ　perｓonsｃhoosemateriａls.

Throughtothｅabovｅfｉｖeqｕesｔionsaｎａlｙｓｉs,mayobtａiｎtｈeseｑuesｔｉonｓ　ｉsdoes　nothavethesuffｉciｅｎt　reasonexｉｓteｎｃethe　coｎcｌusｉoｎ.Mayfoｒavoidtheseqｕestiｏｎstｏthｅｓｅquestionｓresearcｈ　analysesthe　appearaｎｃeindicatingtheｄirｅcｔion.Aｌthoughｕsesthe　besｔchoicｅofmａteｒiaｌmｅtｈod　notｔｏbｅablｅtoａvoiｄ　havingtheproduｃｔ　responsibiｌitylaｗsuｉt,designstheｐerｓoｎｎｅｌand　thｅ　indusｔryｃarｒｉeｓ　ontｈechoｉce　ofmａteｒｉａlaccordｉｎgtothesuitａbｌepｒocedurｅ，ｍａygｒeaｔlyreducethelaｗｓuitthequａｎtitｙ.

Mａyseefromthe　aboｖｅ　dｉsｃussｉoｎ，　ｔhecｈoicｅmaterial　ｐeopｌeshouldto　thematerial　natuｒe，tｈｅ　characｔｅｒistiｃaｎd　ｔｈe　ｐrocｅsｓing　meｔhodhａvecoｍpｒｅｈeｎsｉｖeandthebａsｉcuｎdersｔandｉｎｇ.

　Finally,adesｉｇnbasｅｄ　upｏｎfuｎcｔｉｏn,aｎdaprototypemaybebuilt.　Ｉｆits　ｔｅsｔｓ　aｒe　ｓatiｓfactory,ｔheinｉtial　desiｇｎwｉllundｅrｇo　certainｍｏｄｉｆicatiｏnstｈatenablｅiｔtｏｂe　ｍanｕfacｔｕreｄ　inquａntｉtyaｔａ　loｗer　cost．Durｉngｓubseｑｕｅｎtyearsofmａnuｆaｃｔuｒeａndserviｃe,theｄｅsｉgniｓlikｅlytouｎdｅrgｏｃhaｎｇesaｓ　newideasarｅ　conceiｖed　oｒaｓ　furtheranalｙseｓｂaseduｐoｎtestｓaｎdeｘｐeｒienceiｎdicateａｌteｒａｔiｏns.　Saｌesaｐpｅal．

SoｍeRulesforDesign

Iｎthiｓsectioｎｉtｉs　sｕggestedｔhat，appliedwithacrｅａｔｉveattｉtude,anaｌｙｓｅscanlｅadｔo　ｉmｐｏｒｔantimprovements　anｄtothe　cｏnceｐｔion　andperfectｉon　ｏf　alternate,　perhａps　moｒｅfｕnctional,ecoｎoｍｉcａl，

ａｎddurａbleｐｒoｄucｔs.

Toｓtimulatecreａｔivethｏｕght,the　fｏlｌｏwinｇruｌeｓare　suｇgesｔｅdfor　thedeｓigner　and　analｙsｔ.Ｔhe　fiｒstｓix　rｕｌｅｓaｒepaｒticulaｒlｙ　ａｐplicaｂlｅforｔheanalyst.

1．A　crｅativeuse　ofｎeed　ｏf　physicalpｒopeｒtｉeｓ　and　ｃontｒｏlprocesｓ．

２.Recoｇｎizefｕnctｉonaｌｌoadsand　thｅirsignificance.

3.Antiｃipａteuniｎtｅntｉonａl　loads.

4.Devｉse　morefavoｒabｌeloadｉngconｄｉtｉons.

5．Ｐｒｏvide　forfavｏraｂlｅ　streｓsdistｒｉbutionandsｔiffnｅss　withminimum　ｗeｉgｈt．

6．Use　bａsiｃequatiｏnsto　pｒoportionand　optimiｚｅ　dｉmensｉonｓ.

7.Cｈoosemａteriaｌs　foracｏmbｉnaｔiｏn　ofpropｅｒtiｅs.

8.Sｅleｃt　ｃaｒefully,ｓｔoｃk　aｎd　integrａlcomponｅnｔs.

9．　Moｄiｆｙ　afunctionaｌdesignｔofitthemａｎｕfａcturingprocessａndreduceｃost．

10.Ｐrovidefoｒａccｕrａte　lｏｃaｔｉonandnｏnｉｎterferenceoｆparts　inassｅmbｌy.

　Macｈinerydesigncoｖeｒsthe　ｆollowｉnｇ　cｏｎtentｓ．

1．Pｒｏviｄesaniｎtroｄuctioｎ　tｏtｈe　desigｎproｃｅsｓ,pｒoｂleｍfｏrｍulaｔｉｏｎ，safetyｆａctｏrs.

2.Ｒｅviewｓ　thｅ　mａｔerialpｒｏpertiｅsａｎdｓtaticａnd　dｙnａmicloadinganalysiｓ,

Including　beａm，　ｖibratｉonandimpａcｔｌｏａdiｎg．

　3.　Ｒeviｅｗsthｅ　funｄａmentａlsoｆstｒesｓanｄ　deｆecｔｉonanalysis.

4.Introｄｕcｅsfａtｉｇue-faiｌｕre　ｔｈｅorｙwiththｅemphasis　on　stress－lifeａppｒoacｈｅsto　ｈｉgｈ－ｃｙclefatiｇue　dｅｓｉgn，whichiscommonly　usｅd　ｉｎthｅdesignoｆｒｏｔａtiｏｎｍaｃhinery.

　5.　Discｕssesｔhoｒoughｌythephenｏmｅnaof　ｗearmechaｎisms，surface　cｏntact　stresses　,ａnｄsuｒface　ｆatigue．

6.Ｉnｖｅsｔigaｔes　shaftdeｓiｇnｕsｉngthe　fａtiguｅ-ａnａlｙｓisｔeｃhniquｅs．

　　7.Dｉsｃｕssｅsｆluid-fiｌmand　rollｉng-elemｅntbeａrｉnｇtheoryand　applicatiｏｎ

８．Ｇivesａ　thorougｈ　iｎｔｒｏdｕｃtion　totｈekinemaｔics，　dｅsiｇnandstress　anａlysis　ofｓpuｒgｅaｒs,and　a　ｓimpｌｅintroductionｔoheｌical,bｅｖel,aｎｄｗormｇearing．

　9.Diｓcussｅｓspｒingdesigｎ　inｃludｉng　cｏmｐrｅssioｎ，extｅnsion　aｎdｔorsｉｏnsｐrings.

　10.　Dｅａｌｓwｉtｈscrews　and　fasteneｒsiｎｃｌｕdingpower　scｒewandprｅｌoaｄfastenerｓ.

　　11.　Inｔrｏｄucｅsｔhedeｓignanｄsｐecifｉcatioｎofｄiskand　druｍ　cｌutchesａｎd　ｂｒakes.

MａchineDesign

Ｔｈeｃｏｍｐｌetedesign　oｆ　aｍachｉnｅｉsacomｐlex　procｅss．　Thｅmaｃｈｉｎedesｉgnｉsａcreaｔiｖeｗork.Projｅｃt　enｇｉneernotoｎly　ｍusｔhave　thecreatiｖity　inｔheworｋ,ｂuｔ　aｌsomust　ｉnａspecｔａndso　oｎmｅchaｎicａldｒawｉng,ｋｉnematｉcs,　ｅngｉneerｉｇ　mａterial,materｉａlｓmechanicｓanｄｍａcｈine　manｕfactｕre　ｔｅchnoloｇyhastheｄeeｐｅlｅmentaryknowlｅｄge．

　One　ｏfthefｉrｓtsteps　in　ｔhedesignｏfａｎyprodｕｃtistoseleｃtthｅ　mateｒiａl　ｆromwhiｃｈｅaｃh　parｔiｓ　tobｅmaｄｅ.　Nuｍeroｕｓｍaｔeriaｌs　aｒe　avaiｌablｅtｏtoday'ｓdeｓiｇｎers.Ｔｈeｆunctionｏf　tｈeｐrｏduct,ｉtｓappeａrａnce,tｈｅcｏst　ofｔｈeｍaｔerial，ａｎdtｈecｏstoffabrｉcation　areｉｍpｏrtａnt　ｉnｍａkiｎgaseｌectioｎ.Ａcａｒefｕlevaｌuatｉｏnoftheproｐertiesofa.　mａｔｅrialmustｂe　madｅpｒiorto　anycａｌculａtiｏｎs．

Caｒefulcaｌｃulaｔionsaｒeneｃessａrｙ　ｔoensurethｅvａliditｙ　ｏｆa　desｉgn.Ｉncａseofanypaｒtｆailuｒeｓ,　itｉs　ｄｅsｉraｂleto　knｏwwhatwaｓ　doｎeiｎｏriｇinallyｄesｉgｎingtｈedｅfectivｅ　ｃｏmｐonｅntｓ.Thｅcheｃｋiｎｇ　oｆｃalｃｕｌations（andｄrawing　ｄimensions）isof　uｔmｏｓt　importａnｃｅ.Tｈemisplacemeｎtof　onedeciｍal　poiｎtcanruinaｎｏthｅｒwiseaccepｔablｅproject.Allaspeｃtｓofdesｉｇｎwoｒksｈoulｄbｅｃhｅｃkｅdａndrechｅcｋeｄ.　

Tｈecomｐutｅrisatｏolhｅlｐｆｕltomｅchaｎicalｄｅsiｇnersｔo　liｇhtｅｎtediouscalcuｌａtiｏnｓ,　andprｏvidｅ　ｅxtｅndeｄaｎalyｓis　ofavailaｂledａｔa．Iｎteｒacｔiveｓysｔｅms,　ｂased　ｏncｏｍputer　caｐabilｉｔieｓ,havemadepｏｓｓiｂlｅtｈeconcｅptsｏfcｏｍputeraｉdeｄ　dｅｓigｎ　（CAD）and　ｃomｐuter-ａｉdｅdmanufacturｉｎg（CAM）.How　does　thepsychologiｓtfｒeｑueｎtlydiｓcusscausesｔheｍａchｉne　whichｔhｅ　people　adａｐtsthｅｍtｏｏperaｔe.　Desｉgnｓpｅrｓonnel'＇s　ｂａsic　reｓｐｏｎsibｉlｉtyis　ｄilｉgently　cａuseｓthemａcｈiｎｅtｏadａｐttｈe　ｐeople.Thｉｓ　certａiｎｌｙis　notaneａsy　woｒk，becaｕsecerｔainｌy　doesnotｈavｅto　ａll　people　tosａyｉｎｆactａlliｓｔｈeｍostsuperiｏｒopｅratinｇaｒeａanｄtheoｐeratｉng　proｃｅsｓ.　Another　imｐortaｎｔquestiｏn,proｊｅctｅngiｎeermｕstbｅａble　ｔｏｃarｒyon　theexchanｇeanｄ　theｃonsultａtioｎwithotherconcernedpersoｎnel.Ｉntheinｉtiaｌstａge，dｅsignｓthｅ　pｅrｓonnel　tｏ　ｈaｖetocarryontｈｅexｃhａngeanｄthecｏｎsuｌtationｏｎtｈe　prelimiｎary　deｓigｎwitｈtheaｄmｉniｓtｒatｉveperｓonnel,　andiｓ　ａｐprovｅｄ.Tｈｉsｇenerallyｉstｈroｕghｔhｅ　orａlｄiｓcussion，　thesｃhematicdiagraｍand　thewriｔiｎgｍaterｉａlcａrrｉesｏn.

Ｉｆ　fｒontsｕｅs,　thｅｍaｃhｉnｅdesigｎgoaｌｉstheｐｒoductioncanmeｅtthe　huｍａnnｅeｄ　the　product.Theinventiｏｎ，tｈedｉscovｅｒyａｎd　teｃｈｎｉcａlｋnowｌedｇeｉtselfcertａinlyｎotnecesｓarｉｌyｃａn　bｒingtheadvaｎtａgetｏthehumａnｉtｙ,　onｌy　hａswｈen　theyａreapplｉｅdｃan　ｐroｄucｅｏnｔhe　prodｕｃtｔｈebeｎefit.Tｈus，shouldrｅalｉzｅtｏ　carrｉeｓｏｎｂefore　tｈｅdeｓign　ｉnａ　ｓpｅcificproｄｕcｔ,mｕｓtfiｒstdｅｔermiｎewｈetheｒtｈepeoplｅdo　need　tｈｉskindｏfproｄuct

Ｍuｓt