(英)浪漫主义时期.doc

(英)浪漫主义时期.doc

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自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期

（1）

2006-12-31　10:

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　　ChapterIIITheRomanticPeriod

　　一、本章的学习目的和要求

　　通过本章的学习，了解浪漫主义文学的产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征，基本主张，及其对时代及后世英国文学用至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

　　二、本章考核知识点及考核要求

（一）考核知识点

　　1.浪漫主义时期概述

　　1）浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，文化背景

　　2）浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张

　　3）英国浪漫主义文学的特色

　　4）浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响

　　2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法及社会意义等。

　　威廉.布莱克；威廉.华兹华斯；塞.特.科勒律治；乔治.戈登.拜伦；珀.比.雪莱；约翰.济兹；简.奥斯汀

（二）考核要求

　　1.浪漫主义时期概述

　　1）识记：

a.浪漫主义时期的界定

　　b.历史文化背景

　　2）领会：

a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。

　　b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。

、

　　3）应用：

a.名词解释：

浪漫主义

　　b.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析

　　2.该时期的重要作家

　　1）识记：

浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。

　　2）领会：

重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

　　3）应用：

a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析

　　b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。

　　一、概述

　　1.一般识记

　　EnglishRomanticism

　　EnglishRomanticism,asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworth&Coleridge''''sLyricalBallads&tohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott''''sdeath&thepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.

　　2.识记Historical&Culturalbackground

　　Duringthisperiod,Englandhadexperiencedprofoundeconomic&socialchange.ThebiggestsocialchangeinEnglishhistorywasthetransferoflargemassesofthepopulationfromthecountrysidetothetowns.AsaresultoftheEnclosures&theagriculturalmechanization,thepeasantsweredrivenoftheirland；someemigratedtothecolonies；somesanktotheleveloffarmlaborers&manyothersdriftedtotheindustrialtownswheretherewasagrowingdemandforlabor.Butthenewindustrialtownswerenobetterthanjungles,wherethelawwas"thesurvivalofthefittest."Thecrueleconomicexploitationcausedlarge-scaleworkers''''disturbancesinEngland.

　　3.领会

（1）InfluencesoftheRomanticMovement

　　Romanticismconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.Inessenceitdesignatesaliterary&philosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllife&allexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart,makingliteraturemostvaluableasanexpressionofthisorheruniquefeelings&particularattitudes&valuingitsaccuracyinportrayingtheindividual''''sexperiences.

（2）TheRomanticviewsaboutliterature

　　a.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley&KeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

　　b.TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.ThetwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten&WalterScott.

　　c.Besidespoetry&prose,therearequiteanumberofwriterswhohavefriedtheirhandatpoeticdramasinthisperiod.

　　4.应用

（1）LiteraryTerms

　　a.TheRomanticMovement

　　Itexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocial&politicalconditionsthatcamewithindustrialization&thegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.TheRomanticsfeltthattheexistingsocietydeniedpeopletheiressentialhumanneeds,sotheydemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywriters&philosophers.Wheretheirpredecessorssawmanasasocialanimal,theRomanticssawhimessentiallyasanindividualinthesolitarystate&emphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual''''smind.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouter.

　　b.TheGothicnovel

　　Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelate18thcentury&wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement,itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror&thesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader''''semotion.Withitsdescriptionsofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature,theGothicformhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewriteroftheRomanticperiod.WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolpho（1794）byAnnRadcliffe&Frankenstein（1818）byMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

（2）CharacteristicsofRomanticliteratureinEnglishhistory.

　　TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetryBlake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley&KeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.Wordsworth&Coleridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Theyexplorednewtheories&innovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy：

theybelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsouls&thesociety.TheRomanticsnotonlyextolthefacultyofimagination,butalsostresstheconceptofspontaneity&inspiration,regardingthemassomethingcrucialfortruepoetry.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.Wordsworthistheclosesttonature.

　　Toescapefromaworldthathadbecameexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialistic&ugly,theRomanticswouldturntoothertimes&places,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoets&dramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRome&rationalItalian&Frenchneoclassicalartassuperiortothenativetraditions.TotheRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldturntothehumblepeople&theireverydaylifeforsubjects,RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versification&design,&constructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesofstructure&style.

　　二该时期的重要作家

　　I.WilliamBlake

　　1.一般识记：

Hislife

　　Englishpoet，artist，&philosopher，borninLondonEngland，Nov28，1757，anddiedinLondon，Aug12，1827.BlakemadedistinguishedcontributionstobothLiterature&art.HerankswithgreatpoetsintheEnglishlanguage&maybeconsideredtheearliestofthemajorEnglishRomanticpoets.Hispoemsrangefromlyricsofchildlikesimplicitytomysticalorpropheticworksofgreatcomplexity.Asanartistheisbestknownforhisengravings，whichareamongthemasterpiecesofgraphicart.

　　2.识记Hispolitical，religious&literaryviews

　　Blakenevertriedtofitintotheworld；hewasarebelinnocently&completelyallhislife.Hewaspoliticallyofthepermanentleft&mixedagooddealwiththeradicalslikeThomasPaine&WilliamGodwin.LikeShelley，Blakestronglycriticizedthecapitalists''cruelexploitation，sayingthatthe"darksatanicmillsleftmenunemployed，killedchildren&forcedprostitution."Meanwhilehecherishedgreatexpectations&enthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution，®ardeditasanecessarystageleadingtothemillenniumpredictedbythebiblicalprophets.LiterarilyBlakewasthefirstimportantRomanticpoet，showingcontemptfortheruleofreason，opposingtheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcentury&treasuringtheindividual''simagination.

　　3.领会Hispoems

（1）Earlyworks

　　TheSongsofInnocence（1809）isalovelyvolumeofpoems，presentingahappy&innocentworld，thoughnotwithoutitsevils&sufferings.Forinstance，"HolyThursday"withitsvisionofcharitychildrenlit"witharadiancealltheirown"remindsusterriblyofaworldofloss&institutionalcruelty.Thewretchedchilddescribedin"TheChimneySweeper，"orphaned，exploited，yettouchedbyvisionaryrapture，evokesunbearablepoignancywhenhefinallyputshistrustintheorderoftheuniverseasheknowsit.HisSongsofExperience（1794）paintsadifferentworld，aworldofmisery，poverty，disease，war&repressionwithamelancholytone.ThebenightedEnglandbecomestheworldofthedarkwood&oftheweepingprophet.Theorphansof"HolyThursday"arenow"fedwithcold&usurioushand."Thelittlechimneysweepersings"notesofwoe"whilehisparentsgotochurch&praise"God&hisPriest&King"——theveryinstrumentsoftheirrepression.In"London"，thecityisnolongeraparadise，butbecomestheseatofpoverty&despair，ofmanalienatedfromhistrueself.Blake''sMarriageofHeaven&Hell（1790）markshisentryintomaturity.ThepoemwascomposedduringtheclimaxoftheFrenchRevolution&itplaysthedoublerolebothasasatire&arevolutionaryprophecy.Inthispoem，Blakeexplorestherelationshipofthecontraries.Attraction&repulsion，reason&energy，love&hate，arenecessarytohumanexistence.Lifeisacontinualconflictofgive&take，apairingofopposites，ofgood&evil，ofinnocence&experience，ofbody&soul."Withoutcontraries，"Blakestates，"thereisnoprogression."The"marriage，"toBlake，meansthereconciliationofthecontraries，notthesubordinationoftheonetotheother.

（2）Laterworks

　　Inhislaterperiod，Blakewrotequiteafewpropheticbooks，whichrevealhimastheprophetofuniversalpolitical&spiritualfreedomandshowthepoethimselfasthespokesmanofrevolt.Themajoronesare：

TheBookofUrizen（1794），TheBookofLos（1795）。

TheFourZoas（1796-1807）&Milton（1804-1920）。

　　4.领会CharacteristicsofBlake''spoems

　　Blakewholivedintheblazeofrevelation，feltboundtodeclarethat"IknowthatThisworldisaworldofIMAGINATION&Vision，"&that"TheNatureofmyworkisvisionaryorimaginative."

　　Fromchildhood，Blakehadastronglyvisualmind；whateverheimagined，healsosaw.Asanimaginativepoet，hepresentshisviewinvisualimagesinsteadofabstractterms.

　　Blakewriteshispoemsinplain