初中英语主要语法动词不定式讲解及练习.docx
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初中英语主要语法动词不定式讲解及练习
初中英语主要语法--动词不定式讲解及练习
1
不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如towrite)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上tobewriting,tohavewritten),也有被动态(如tobewritten),所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。
助动词除be和have外,没有不定式形式。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2
不定式的用法
1)不定式结构作主语
1.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.
2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.
在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替),而将不定式放到后面。
如:
1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.
2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过forsb.todosth.结构表达:
1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.
2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.
在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表语时,不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语:
1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.
2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.
2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种:
一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构:
只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:
afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。
1.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.
2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.
3.Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式:
这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard初中英语语法总结,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。
常见的疑问代(副)词有:
what,when,where,which,how,whether等。
1.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.
2.Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.
3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.
有时,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。
这可以用这一结构表达:
动词(如find,think,consider,feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。
1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.
2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o’clock.
3)不定式做表语
一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件);表语也是不定式(表示结果):
1.Toseeistobelieve.
2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.
另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句,
不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用;例如:
1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture.
2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice.
3.WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.
4)不定式作定语
不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:
第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。
例如:
1.Therewasreallynothingtofear.
2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.
如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。
例如:
1.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.
2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.
3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.
4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.
第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:
1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?
2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect.
3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.
第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。
这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词:
ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish等。
例如:
1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.
2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.
3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.
5)不定式作状语
不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。
例如作原因状语:
1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.
2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.
3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark.
4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.
作目的状语:
1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter.
2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter.
3.WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam.
4.WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.
作结果状语:
1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians.
2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians.
3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.
4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.
3
不带to的不定式的使用
动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带to,在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。
归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to不定式:
1)在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带to。
2)在表示感觉意义的动词,如see初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或是表示“致使”意义的动词,如have,let,make等后,动词不定式不带to。
例如:
1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.
2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.
但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。
例如:
1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard.
2.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.
3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式。
例如:
1.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.
4)在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后初中英语语法总结,动词不定式也不带to。
例如:
1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.
2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.
5)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式。
例如:
1.Theyletgooftherope.他们松开了绳子。
2.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。
3.I'veheardtellofhim.我听说过他。
4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents.由于生源不足,一些教职员工被解雇了。
6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结,except之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带to,反之则必须带to,表示“不得不初中英语语法总结,只能”。
例如:
1.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm.
2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender.
3.Thespywasbothhungryandcold;therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.
4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.
下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带to:
cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。
例如:
Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.
如果上述句中有do,to省略:
IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.
如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带to:
Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.
7)紧跟在why或whynot之后的动词不定式总是不带to。
但是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带to。
例如:
Whystandupifyoucansitdown?
Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?
Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.
4
不定式的完成式和进行式
1)构成
完成式:
to+havedone
进行式:
to+bedoing
2)用法
完成式:
如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结,那么不定式就要用其完成式。
进行式:
如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在发生,那么不定式就要用其进行式。
例如:
1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline.
2.TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica.
3.Whenyoucalledmelastnight,Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer.
5
不定式的被动形式
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动形式,包括它的一般式和完成式。
例如:
1.Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished.
2.Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain.
6
不定式的否定形式
否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。
例如:
1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain.
2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout.
7
单项选择练习
1.______theseedsandtheywillgrow.
A.WaterB.TowaterC.WateringD.Watered
2.Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbut______workforyoungpeople.
A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.provided
3.Hearrivedattheofficeearly,______agoodexampletotheothers.
A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingset
4.Pleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow’smeeting—I’vegottoomuchwork______.
A.todotocomeB.doingcoming C.todocomingD.todocoming
5.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhere_____
A.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfound
6.Afterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewenton______howmuchtheywouldcost.
A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplained
7.Totesteggs,______theminabowlofwater:
iftheyfloatthey’rebad,iftheysinkthey’regood.
A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputting
8.Pleaseremember______theplantswhileI’maway.
A.wateringB.tobewatering C.towaterD.beingwatering
9.______wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.
A.MakingB.Tomake C.TobemakingD.Make
10.I’veneverbeensopoor______abletoaffordameal.
A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbe
11.Idon’tknowwhethertostayinteachingor____anotherjob.
A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.tryget
12.I’llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout—Idon’t
want______likethis.
A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseen
13.Infact,shewasthefirstwoman______tosuchapost.
A.toelectB.tobeelecting
C.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelected
14.I’dlike___overtheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.
A.flyingB.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflying
15.I’mlearning______acake.Canyouexplain______one?
A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomake
C.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,making
16.Whomwouldyourather_____withyou,JimorJack?
A.havegoB.havetogo C.havegoneD.hastogo
17.Thehusbandadvised______tothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhim_____uptheidea.
A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving
18.“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?
”“I’dprefer___,thankyou.”A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can’t
19.Iwouldmendyourradio,butIdon’tknow______.
A.howB.toC.howtoD.tohow
20.“Ihaven’theardfromHenryforalongtime.”“Whatdoyousuppose______tohim?
”
A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hashappenedD.hadhappened
21.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewas
theperson_____.
A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto
22.“Doyouknowthegirlinred?
”“Sheseems_____meatlastmonth’sparty.ButI’mnotsure.
A.tointroducetoB.tobeintroducedto
C.beingintroducedtoD.tohavebeenintroducedto
23.Weallagreed______foranotherday,butJimdisagreed____
A.towait,todosoB.towait,不填C.waiting,doingsoD.waiting,不填
24.Hemadeuphismindtodevotehislife_____pollution_____happily.
A.toprevent,toliveB.toprevent,fromliving
C.topreventing,toliveD.topreventing,fromlivin